Philippine folk literature

Philippine mythology

Creation gods

Bathala

Other gods

Kan-Laon

Mythical beings

Aswang
Diwata
Duwende
Juan Tamad
Malakas and Maganda
Mambabarang
Manananggal
Mangkukulam
Mariang Makiling
Nuno sa punso

Mythical animals

Mythical heroes

Mythical objects

Agimat

Folk literature as a part of folklore

Damiana Eugenio, a professor from the University of the Philippines, defined Philippine folk literature as a specific branch under the broader field of folklore, which "refers to the traditional lore of the "folk", which can be any group of people bound together by some common factor such as language, religion, occupation, etc." [1]

While folklore covers "the manners, customs, observances, superstitions, ballads, proverbs, etc. of the olden time," Eugenio differentiates Folk Literature to mean the aspect of it which is verbally transmitted.

Philippine folk literature in oral and print formats

While the oral, and thus changeable, aspect of folk literature is an important defining characteristic, much of this oral tradition has been written into a print format. To point out that folklore in a written form can still be considered folklore, Utely points out that folklore "may appear in print, but must not freeze into print."[2] It should be pointed out that all the examples of folk literature cited in this article are taken from print, rather than oral sources.

Categories of Philippine folk literature

Eugenio classifies Philippine Folk Literature into three major groups: Folk narratives, folk speech, and folk songs. [1]

Folk narratives can either be in prose - the alamat (myth), the legend, and the kuwentong bayan (folktale) - or in verse, as in the case of the folk narrative.

Folk speech includes the bugtong (riddle) and the salawikain (proverbs).

Folk songs can be sub-classified into those that tell a story (folk ballads) which are a relative rarity in Philippine folk literature, and those which do not, which form the bulk of the Philippines' rich heritage of folk songs.

As an example of Southeast Asian folklore

Since it comes from a Southeast Asian nation, Philippine folk literature can be counted as a representative of Southeast Asian folklore. This is not a simple categorization, however, for two important reasons. [3]

First, Southeast Asia as a distinct cultural region was not recognized until the political environment after the Second World War.

Second, even as the idea of a Southeast Asia was being conceived, the inclusion of the Philippines in the region was consistently in debate because of its very different cultural makeup.

Setting those two objections aside, Philippine Folk Literature would be considered a subset of the folklore of peninsular Southeast Asia, which includes the folklore of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei. This would be distinct from the folk literature of continental Southeast Asia, which includes Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and others. The distinction roots from the geographical influence on the cultures arising from these countries.

Like all of Southeast Asia, however, whether peninsular or continental, Philippine Folk Literature shows strong cultural influences from India.

A major difference however, arises from the colonial influences in the development of Southeast Asian folk literature. The Philippines' 300 years of Spanish rule makes it unique, enough to earn the title of "a piece of Latin America in Southeast Asia."

Continued evolution

While folklore is often associated with ancient times, new pieces of Philippine folk Literature have arisen in modern times. Quite aside from urban legends, modern legends attributing superhuman powers to powerful and charistmatic leaders such as former presidents Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos have been documented and accepted as full-fledged examples of Philippine folk Literature. [4]

References

^ a b Eugenio, Damiana (2007). Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology, 2nd, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 498. ISBN 978-971-542-536-0.
^ Utely, Francis Lee. "A Definition of Folklore," American Folklore, Voice of America Forum Lectures, ed. Tristram Coffin, III 1968, p14.
^ Osborne, Milton (2004). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History, Ninth Edition, Australia: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-448-5.
^ Eugenio, Damiana (2002). Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 490. ISBN 971-542-357-4.