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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine since 1901. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, a German, "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths." This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in these fields. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount" ("What the Nobel Laureates Receive"). In 2007 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Mario Capecchi (of Italy), Sir Martin Evans (of the United Kingdom), and Oliver Smithies (of the United Kingdom and the United States), "for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"; they share the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million). The front side of "The medal of the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute" provides the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; its reverse side "represents the Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst" ("The Nobel Prize Medals").

List of Laureates

The following list includes the Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine since its inception in 1901.[1]

Year Name Country Citation 1901Emil Adolf von BehringGermany"for his work on serumtherapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[2]1902Ronald RossUnited Kingdom"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[3]1903Niels Ryberg FinsenDenmark"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[4]1904Ivan Petrovich PavlovRussia"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[5]1905Robert KochGermany"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[6]1906Camillo Golgi
Santiago Ramón y CajalItaly
Spain"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[7]1907Charles Louis Alphonse LaveranFrance"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoain causing diseases"[8]1908Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Paul EhrlichRussia
Germany"in recognition of their work on immunity"[9]1909Emil Theodor KocherSwitzerland"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[10]1910Albrecht KosselGermany"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistrymade through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[11]1911Allvar GullstrandSweden"for his work on the dioptricsof the eye"[12]1912Alexis CarrelFrance"in recognition of his work on vascular sutureand the transplantationof blood vesselsand organs"[13]1913Charles Robert RichetFrance"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"[14]1914Robert BárányHungary"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[15]1915[No award] 1916[No award] 1917[No award] 1918[No award] 1919Jules BordetBelgium"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[16]1920Schack August Steenberg KroghDenmark"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungsis ordinary diffusion)[17]1921[No award] 1922Archibald Vivian HillUnited Kingdom"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[18]Otto Fritz MeyerhofGermany"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygenand the metabolismof lactic acidin the muscle"[18]1923Frederick Grant Banting
John James Richard MacleodCanada
United Kingdom"for the discovery of insulin"[19]1924Willem EinthovenNetherlands"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[20]1925[No award] 1926Johannes Andreas Grib FibigerDenmark"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[21]1927Julius Wagner-JaureggAustria"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malariainoculationin the treatment of dementia paralytica"[22]1928Charles Jules Henri NicolleFrance"for his work on typhus"[23]1929Christiaan EijkmanNetherlands"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[24]Sir Frederick Gowland HopkinsUnited Kingdom"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[24]1930Karl LandsteinerAustria"for his discovery of human blood groups"[25]1931Otto Heinrich WarburgGermany"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[26]1932Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Edgar Douglas AdrianUnited Kingdom
United Kingdom"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[27]1933Thomas Hunt MorganUnited States"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosomein heredity"[28]1934George Hoyt Whipple
George Richards Minot
William Parry MurphyUnited States
United States
United States"for their discoveries concerning livertherapy in cases of anaemia"[29]1935Hans SpemannGermany"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[30]1936Sir Henry Hallett Dale
Otto LoewiUnited Kingdom;
Germany1903: Austria1946: United States"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[31]1937Albert Szent-Györgyi von NagyrapoltHungary"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin Cand the catalysis of fumaric acid"[32]1938Corneille Jean François HeymansBelgium"for the discovery of the role played by the sinusand aortic mechanismsin the regulation of respiration"[33]1939Gerhard DomagkGermany"for the discovery of the antibacterialeffects of prontosil"[34]1940[No award] 1941[No award] 1942[No award] 1943Carl Peter Henrik DamDenmark"for his discovery of vitamin K"[35]Edward Adelbert DoisyUnited States"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[35]1944Joseph Erlanger
Herbert Spencer GasserUnited States
United States"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[36]1945Sir Alexander Fleming
Ernst Boris Chain
Sir Howard Walter FloreyUnited Kingdom;
GermanyUnited Kingdom;
AustraliaUnited Kingdom"for the discovery of penicillinand its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[37]1946Hermann Joseph MullerUnited States"for the discovery of the production of mutationsby means of X-rayirradiation"[38]1947Carl Ferdinand Cori
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz CzechoslovakiaUnited States;
CzechoslovakiaUnited States"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[39]Bernardo Alberto HoussayArgentina"for his discovery of the part played by the hormoneof the anterior pituitarylobe in the metabolism of sugar"[39]1948Paul Hermann MüllerSwitzerland"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDTas a contact poison against several arthropods"[40]1949Walter Rudolf HessSwitzerland"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrainas a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[41]Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas MonizPortugal"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomyin certain psychoses"[41]1950Edward Calvin Kendall
Tadeusz Reichstein
Philip Showalter HenchUnited States;
PolandSwitzerland;
United States"for their discoveries relating to the hormonesof the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[42]1951Max TheilerSouth AfricaSwitzerland"for his discoveries concerning yellow feverand how to combat it"[43]1952Selman Abraham WaksmanRussia, 1916: United States"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibioticeffective against tuberculosis"[44]1953Hans Adolf KrebsWest GermanyUnited Kingdom"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[45]Fritz Albert LipmannWest GermanyUnited States"for his discovery of co-enzyme Aand its importance for intermediary metabolism"[45]1954John Franklin Enders
Thomas Huckle Weller
Frederick Chapman RobbinsUnited States
United States
United States"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitisvirusesto grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[46]1955Axel Hugo Theodor TheorellSweden"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[47]1956André Frédéric Cournand
Werner Forssmann
Dickinson W. RichardsFrance, 1941: United States;
West Germany
United States"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterizationand pathological changes in the circulatory system"[48]1957Daniel BovetSwitzerlandItaly"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[49]1958George Wells Beadle
Edward Lawrie TatumUnited States
United States"for their discovery that genesact by regulating definite chemical events"[50]Joshua LederbergUnited States"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombinationand the organization of the genetic materialof bacteria"[50]1959Severo Ochoa
Arthur KornbergSpainUnited States;
United States"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acidand deoxyribonucleic acid"[51]1960Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Peter Brian MedawarAustralia;
BrazilUnited Kingdom"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[52]1961Georg von BékésyHungary"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[53]1962Francis Harry Compton Crick
James Dewey Watson
Maurice Hugh Frederick WilkinsUnited Kingdom;
United States;
New ZealandUnited Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acidsand its significance for information transfer in living material"[54]1963Sir John Carew Eccles
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Andrew Fielding HuxleyAustralia
United Kingdom
United Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nervecell membrane"[55]1964Konrad Bloch
Feodor LynenWest GermanyUnited States;
West Germany"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesteroland fatty acidmetabolism"[56]1965François Jacob
André Lwoff
Jacques MonodFrance
France
France"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzymeand virus synthesis"[57]1966Peyton RousUnited States"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[58]Charles B. HugginsCanadaUnited States"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatmentof prostatic cancer"[58]1967Ragnar Granit
Haldan Keffer Hartline
George WaldFinland1940: Sweden;
United States
United States"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[59]1968Robert W. Holley
Har Gobind Khorana
Marshall W. NirenbergUnited States;
India1966: United States;
United States"for their interpretation of the genetic codeand its function in protein synthesis"[60]1969Max Delbrück
Alfred Hershey
Salvador E. LuriaWest GermanyUnited States;
United States;
Italy"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[61]1970Sir Bernard Katz
Ulf von Euler
Julius AxelrodWest Germany1941: United Kingdom;
Sweden
United States"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminalsand the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[62]1971Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.United States"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[63]1972Gerald M. Edelman
Rodney R. PorterUnited States
United Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[64]1973Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas TinbergenAustria
Austria
Netherlands"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[65]1974Albert Claude
Christian de Duve
George E. PaladeBelgium;
Belgium;
Romania1952: United States"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[66]1975David Baltimore
Renato Dulbecco
Howard Martin TeminUnited States;
ItalyUnited States;
United States"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour virusesand the genetic material of the cell"[67]1976Baruch S. Blumberg
D. Carleton GajdusekUnited States
United States"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[68]1977Roger Guillemin
Andrew Viktor SchallyFrance1965: United States;
United States"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormoneproduction of the brain"[69]Rosalyn YalowUnited States"for the development of radioimmunoassaysof peptide hormones"[69]1978Werner Arber
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton O. SmithSwitzerland
United States
United States"for the discovery of restriction enzymesand their application to problems of molecular genetics"[70]1979Allan M. Cormack
Godfrey N. HounsfieldSouth Africa1966: United States;
United Kingdom"for the development of computer assisted tomography"[71]1980Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset
George D. SnellVenezuela1943: United States;
France;
United States"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surfacethat regulate immunological reactions"[72]1981Roger W. SperryUnited States"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[73]David H. Hubel
Torsten N. WieselCanada, United States
Sweden"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[73]1982Sune Bergström
Bengt I. Samuelsson
John R. VaneSweden
Sweden
United Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandinsand related biologically active substances"[74]1983Barbara McClintockUnited States"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[75]1984Niels K. Jerne
Georges J.F. Köhler
César MilsteinDenmark;
West Germany;
Argentina"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune systemand the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[76]1985Michael S. Brown
Joseph L. GoldsteinUnited States
United States"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterolmetabolism"[77]1986Stanley Cohen
Rita Levi-MontalciniUnited States;
ItalyUnited States"for their discoveries of growth factors"[78]1987Susumu TonegawaJapan"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibodydiversity"[79]1988Sir James W. Black
Gertrude B. Elion
George H. HitchingsUnited Kingdom
United States
United States"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[80]1989J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. VarmusUnited States
United States"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviraloncogenes"[81]1990Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnall ThomasUnited States
United States"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantationin the treatment of human disease"[82]1991Erwin Neher
Bert SakmannGermany
Germany"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channelsin cells"[83]1992Edmond H. Fischer
Edwin G. KrebsSwitzerlandUnited States;
United States"for their discoveries concerning reversible proteinphosphorylationas a biological regulatory mechanism"[84]1993Richard J. Roberts
Phillip A. SharpUnited Kingdom
United States"for their discoveries of split genes"[85]1994Alfred G. Gilman
Martin RodbellUnited States
United States"for their discovery of G-proteinsand the role of these proteins in signal transductionin cells"[86]1995Edward B. Lewis
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Eric F. WieschausUnited States
Germany
United States"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[87]1996Peter C. Doherty
Rolf M. ZinkernagelAustralia
Switzerland"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[88]1997Stanley B. PrusinerUnited States"for his discovery of Prions- a new biological principle of infection"[89]1998Robert F. Furchgott
Louis J. Ignarro
Ferid MuradUnited States
United States
United States"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxideas a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[90]1999Günter BlobelGermany1987: United States"for the discovery that proteinshave intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[91]2000Arvid Carlsson
Paul Greengard
Eric R. KandelSweden
United States
United States"for their discoveries concerning signal transductionin the nervous system"[92]2001Leland H. Hartwell
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt
Sir Paul M. NurseUnited States
United Kingdom
United Kingdom"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[93]2002Sydney Brenner
H. Robert Horvitz
John E. SulstonSouth AfricaUnited Kingdom2003: Singapore[94](honorary);
United States;
United Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[95]2003Paul Lauterbur
Sir Peter MansfieldUnited States
United Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[96]2004Richard Axel
Linda B. BuckUnited States
United States"for their discoveries of odorant receptorsand the organization of the olfactory system"[97]2005Barry J. Marshall
J. Robin WarrenAustralia
Australia"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pyloriand its role in gastritisand peptic ulcer disease"[98]2006Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. MelloUnited States
United States"for their discovery of RNA interference- gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[99]2007Mario Capecchi
Sir Martin Evans
Oliver SmithiesItalyUnited States;
United Kingdom;
United KingdomUnited States"for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[100]

References

  1. ^ All Nobel Laureates in Medicine. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-27.
  2. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
  3. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
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v • d • eNobel Laureatesin Physiology or Medicine 1901–1925Behring(1901) · Ross(1902) · Finsen(1903) · Pavlov(1904) · Koch(1905) · Golgi/ Ramón y Cajal(1906) · Laveran(1907) · Mechnikov/ Ehrlich(1908) · Kocher(1909) · Kossel(1910) · Gullstrand(1911) · Carrel(1912) · Bárány(1913) · Bordet(1919) · Krogh(1920) · Hill/ Meyerhof(1922) · Banting/ Macleod(1923) · Einthoven(1924) 1926–1950Fibiger(1926) · Wagner-Jauregg(1927) · Nicolle(1928) · Eijkman/ Hopkins(1929) · Landsteiner(1930) · Warburg(1931) · Sherrington/ Adrian(1932) · Morgan(1933) · Whipple/ Minot/ Murphy(1934) · Spemann(1935) · Dale/ Loewi(1936) · Szent-Györgyi(1937) · Heymans(1938) · Domagk(1939) · Dam/ Doisy(1943) · Erlanger/ Gasser(1944) · Fleming/ Chain/ Florey(1945) · Muller(1946) · C.Cori/ G.Cori/ Houssay(1947) · Müller(1948) · Hess/ Moniz(1949) · Kendall/ Reichstein/ Hench(1950) 1951–1975Theiler(1951) · Waksman(1952) · Krebs/ Lipmann(1953) · Enders/ Weller/ Robbins(1954) · Theorell(1955) · Cournand/ Forssmann/ Richards(1956) · Bovet(1957) · Beadle/ Tatum/ Lederberg(1958) · Ochoa/ Kornberg(1959) · Burnet/ Medawar(1960) · Békésy(1961) · Crick/ Watson/ Wilkins(1962) · Eccles/ Hodgkin/ Huxley(1963) · Bloch/ Lynen(1964) · Jacob/ Lwoff/ Monod(1965) · Rous/ Huggins(1966) · Granit/ Hartline/ Wald(1967) · Holley/ Khorana/ Nirenberg(1968) · Delbrück/ Hershey/ Luria(1969) · Katz/ Euler/ Axelrod(1970) · Sutherland(1971) · Edelman/ Porter(1972) · Frisch/ Lorenz/ Tinbergen(1973) · Claude/ Duve/ Palade(1974) · Baltimore/ Dulbecco/ Temin(1975) 1976–2000Blumberg/ Gajdusek(1976) · Guillemin/ Schally/ Yalow(1977) · Arber/ Nathans/ Smith(1978) · Cormack/ Hounsfield(1979) · Benacerraf/ Dausset/ Snell(1980) · Sperry/ Hubel/ Wiesel(1981) · Bergström/ Samuelsson/ Vane(1982) · McClintock(1983) · Jerne/ Köhler/ Milstein(1984) · Brown/ Goldstein(1985) · Cohen/ Levi-Montalcini(1986) · Tonegawa(1987) · Black/ Elion/ Hitchings(1988) · Bishop/ Varmus(1989) · Murray/ Thomas(1990) · Neher/ Sakmann(1991) · Fischer/ Krebs(1992) · Roberts/ Sharp(1993) · Gilman/ Rodbell(1994) · Lewis/ Nüsslein-Volhard/ Wieschaus(1995) · Doherty/ Zinkernagel(1996) · Prusiner(1997) · Furchgott/ Ignarro/ Murad(1998) · Blobel(1999) · Carlsson/ Greengard/ Kandel(2000) 2001–presentHartwell/ Hunt/ Nurse(2001) · Brenner/ Horvitz/ Sulston(2002) · Lauterbur/ Mansfield(2003) · Axel/ Buck(2004) · Marshall/ Warren(2005) · Fire/ Mello(2006) · Capecchi/ Evans/ Smithies(2007) Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present
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