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Nikolaas Tinbergen

Niko Tinbergen
Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen (1907-1988) Born April 15, 1907(1907-04-15)
The Hague, NetherlandsDied December 21, 1988(aged 81)
Residence UKNationality DutchFields Zoologist, ethologistInstitutions Oxford UniversityAlma materLeiden UniversityDoctoral students Richard Dawkins
Desmond MorrisKnown for Hawk/goose effect Notable awards Nobel Prize(1973)

Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen (April 15, 1907 – December 21, 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.

In the 1960s he collaborated with filmaker Hugh Falkus on a series of wildlife films, including The Riddle of the Rook (1972) and Signals for Survival (1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971.

Contents

Origins

Born in The Hague, Netherlands, he is also noted as the brother of Jan Tinbergen, who won the first Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. He had a third eminent brother, Luuk Tinbergen.

Tinbergen's interest in nature manifested itself when he was young. He studied biology at Leiden University and was a prisoner of war during World War II. Tinbergen's experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaborator Konrad Lorenz, and it was several years before the two reconciled. After the war, Tinbergen moved to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford. Richard Dawkins was one of his students.

He married Elisabeth Rutten and they had five children. Tinbergen died December 21, 1988, after suffering a stroke at his home in Oxford, England.

Contributions

Main article: Tinbergen's four questions

He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour, which were:

Proximate mechanisms:

  • 1. Causation (Mechanism): what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning? How do behaviour and psyche "function" on the molecular, physiological, neuro-ethological, cognitive and social level, and what do the relations between the levels look like? (compare: Nicolai Hartmann: "The laws about the levels of complexity")
  • 2. Development (Ontogeny): how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown? Which developmental steps (the ontogenesis follows an "inner plan") and which environmental factors play when / which role? (compare: Recapitulation theory)

Ultimate mechanisms:

  • 3. Evolution (Phylogeny): how does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in related species, and how might it have arisen through the process of phylogeny? Why did structural associations (behaviour can be seen as a "time space structure") evolve in this manner and not otherwise?*
  • 4. Function (Adaptation): how does the behaviour impact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?

In ethology and sociobiology causation and ontogeny are summarized as the "proximate mechanisms" and adaptation and phylogeny as the "ultimate mechanisms". They are still considered as the cornerstone of modern ethology, sociobiology and transdisciplinarity in Human Sciences.

References concerning the four questions:

Lorenz, Konrad 1937: Biologische Fragestellungen in der Tierpsychologie (in English: Biological Questions in Animal Psychology). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1: 24-32

Tinbergen, Niko 1963: On Aims and Methods in Ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20: 410-433;

Autism

Tinbergen applied his observational methods to the problems of children with autism. He recommended a "holding therapy" in which parents hold their autistic children for long periods of time while attempting to establish eye contact, even when a child resists the embrace.[1] However, his interpretations of autistic behavior, and the holding therapy that he recommended, lacked scientific support.[2]

References

  1. ^ Tinbergen N, Tinbergen EA (1986). Autistic Children: New Hope for a Cure, new edition, Routledge. ISBN 0041570111. 
  2. ^ Bishop DVM (2008). "Forty years on: Uta Frith's contribution to research on autism and dyslexia, 1966–2006". Q J Exp Psychol 61 (1): 16–26. doi:10.1080/17470210701508665. PMID 18038335. 

External links

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Max Theiler (1951) · Selman Waksman (1952) · Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann (1953) · John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins (1954) · Hugo Theorell (1955) · André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards (1956) · Daniel Bovet (1957) · George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg (1958) · Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg (1959) · Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar (1960) · Georg von Békésy (1961) · Francis Crick / James D. Watson / Maurice Wilkins (1962) · John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley (1963) · Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen (1964) · François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod (1965) · Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins (1966) · Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald (1967) · Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg (1968) · Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria (1969) · Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod (1970) · Earl Sutherland Jr. (1971) · Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter (1972) · Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973) · Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade (1974) · David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin (1975)

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PersondataNAME Tinbergen, Niko ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Zoologist, ethologistDATE OF BIRTH April 15, 1907PLACE OF BIRTH The Hague, NetherlandsDATE OF DEATH December 21, 1988PLACE OF DEATH
Categories: 1907 births | 1988 deaths | Dutch biologists | Dutch ornithologists | Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine | Dutch Nobel laureates | Ethologists | Fellows of the Royal Society | Alumni of Merton College, Oxford | Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford | Leiden University alumni | World War II prisoners of war held by Germany | People from The Hague | Dutch prisoners of war

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