Translation

Select text and it is translated.
This area is result which is translated word.

Languages

List of tallest buildings and structures in the world

The Burj Dubai in Dubai, United Arab Emirates is currently the world's tallest man-made structure. As of 12 May 2008, the building, which is still under construction, stood at 636 m (2,087 ft). When completed, it is planned to rise over 800 m (2,625 ft).

While determining the world's tallest structure has generally been straightforward, the definition of the world's tallest building or the world's tallest tower is less clear. The disputes generally center on what should be counted as a building or a tower, and what is being measured.

In terms of absolute height, the tallest structures are currently the dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers which measure over 600 meters (about 2,000 feet) in height. There is, however, some debate about:

  • whether structures under construction should be included in the list
  • whether structures rising out of water should have their below-water height included.

For towers, there is debate over:

  • whether guy-wire-supported structures should be counted

For buildings, there is debate over:

  • whether communication towers with observation galleries should be considered habitable buildings.
  • whether only habitable height is considered.
  • whether roof-top antennas should be considered towards height of buildings; with particular interest in whether components that look like spires can be either classified as antennas or architectural detail.

These debates will likely lose some relevance in 2009, as the Burj Dubai, a building currently under construction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, has already become the world's tallest man-made structure.

Contents

Tallest structures

Main article: List of tallest structures in the world
KVLY-TV mast, the height record holder from 1963–1974 and 1991–2008. The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario was the world's tallest freestanding structure on land from 1975 until the Burj Dubai surpassed it in 2007, rising 553.33 m (1,815 ft). It is currently the world's tallest completed freestanding structure on land.

The tallest man-made structure is the Burj Dubai, a skyscraper under construction in Dubai that reached 636 m (2,087 ft) in height on May 12, 2008[1]. Prior to 7 April 2008 the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, USA was the tallest structure at 628.8 m (2,063 ft)[2]. Guyed lattice towers such as this had held the world height record since 1954. The Warsaw radio mast in Poland, raised to 646.38 m (2,121 ft) in 1974 and destroyed in 1991, remains the tallest structure ever built.

The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, standing at 553.3 m (1,815 ft), is the world's tallest completed freestanding structure on land. Opened in 1976, it was surpassed in height by the rising Burj Dubai on September 12, 2007[3]. It has the world's highest public observation deck at 446.5 m (1,465 ft).

The Petronius Platform stands 610 m (2,001 ft) off the sea floor leading some, including Guinness World Records 2007, to claim it as the tallest freestanding structure in the world. However, it is debated if below-water height should not be counted, in the same manner as underground 'height' is not taken into account in buildings. The Troll A platform is 472 m (1,549 ft), without any part of that height being supported by wires.

Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan is currently the world's tallest inhabited building in three of the four main categories that are commonly measured: at 509.2 m (1,671 ft) as measured to its architectural height (spire) as well as roof height 449.2 m (1,474 ft) and highest occupied floor 439.2 m (1,441 ft). The Sears Tower is highest in the last category: the greatest height to top of antenna of any building in the world at 527.3 m (1,730 ft).

On its completion, projected for 2009, the Burj Dubai will break the height record in all four categories for completed buildings by a wide margin. While the final height has not been released to the public, Greg Sang, the construction manager, says that the building will rise to a minimum of 700 m (2,297 ft).[4] The developer, Emaar, is keeping structural details secret due to competition for the "world's tallest" with other proposed structures, including the nearby Al Burj.[5] The CN Tower will retain its record of the world's highest observation deck as Burj Dubai's deck will be at 442 m (1,450 ft).[6] The 'Symbol of Dubai' will have more than 160 floors, 56 elevators, apartments, shops, swimming pools, spas and corporate suites.

Tallest structure by category

This section needs additional citationsfor verification.
Please help improve this articleby adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challengedand removed. (August 2007)

Due to the disagreements over how to measure and classify structures, engineers have created various definitions for categories of buildings and other structures. One measure includes the absolute height of a building, another includes only spires and other permanent architectural features, but not antennas. The tradition of including the spire on top of a building and not including the antenna dates back to the rivalry between the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street. A modern-day example is that the antenna on top of the Sears tower are not considered part of its architectural height, while the spires on top of the Petronas towers are counted.

Category Structure Country City Height (m) Height (ft) Skyscraper(under construction) - all categories Burj DubaiUnited Arab EmiratesDubai636 2,087[1]Guyed MastKVLY-TV mastUnited StatesBlanchard, N.D.628.8 2,063 ConcreteTowerCN TowerCanadaToronto, Ontario553.3 1,815 Skyscraper- to top of antenna Sears TowerUnited States Chicago527.3 1,730 Skyscraper- to top of spire Taipei 101TaiwanTaipei509.2 1,671 Skyscraper- to top of roof Shanghai World Financial CenterChinaShanghai492 1,614 Tower for scientific research BREN-TowerUnited States Nevada Test Site462 1,516 Mast radiator, insulated against ground VLF transmitter LualualeiUnited States Lualualei, Hawaii458.11 1,503 Twin TowersPetronas Twin TowersMalaysiaKuala Lumpur452 1,482 ChimneyGRES-2 Power StationKazakhstanEkibastusz419.7 1,377 Lattice towerKiev TV TowerUkraineKiev385 1,263 Guyed tubular steel mast Belmont transmitting stationUnited KingdomDonington on Bain385 1,263 Partially guyed tower Gerbrandy TowerNetherlandsIJsselstein366.8 1,203 Electricity pylonYangtze River Crossing, JiangyinChina Jiangyin346.5 1,137 BridgepillarMillau ViaductFranceMillau342 1,122 Iron Tower Tokyo TowerJapanTokyo333 1,092 Five-sided building JPMorgan Chase TowerUnited States Houston305 1,002 DamNurek DamTajikistanNurek300 984[7]Concrete dam Grande Dixence DamSwitzerlandVal d'Hérens285 935 Electricity pylonbuilt of concrete Yangtze River Crossing, NanjingChina Nanjing257 843 Electricity pylonof HVDC-powerline Yangtze River Crossing, WuhuChina Wuhu229 751 MinaretHassan II MosqueMoroccoCasablanca210 689 Wind turbineFuhrländer Wind Turbine LaasowGermanyLaasow, Brandenburg205 673 Cooling TowerNiederaussem Power StationGermany Niederaussem200 656 MonumentGateway ArchUnited States St. Louis, Missouri192 630 90° twisted building Turning TorsoSwedenMalmö190 623 Masonry towerAnaconda Smelter StackUnited States Anaconda, Montana178.3 585 Inclined structure,
StadiumLe Stade OlympiqueCanada Montreal, Quebec175 574 Church BuildingChicago Temple BuildingUnited States Chicago173 568 ObeliskWashington MonumentUnited States Washington, D.C.169.3 555.5 Masonry buildingMole AntonellianaItalyTorino167 548 Masonry building Philadelphia City HallUnited States Philadelphia167 548 Ferris wheelSingapore FlyerSingaporeSingapore165 541.3 Church towerUlm CathedralGermany Ulm161 528 Industrial hall Vehicle Assembly BuildingUnited States Kennedy Space Center160 525 Memorial crossSanta Cruz del Valle de los CaídosSpainEl Escorial152.4 500 TombGreat Pyramid of GizaEgyptGiza, Cairo138.8 455.2 DomeSt Peter's Basilicadome Italy Vatican City, Rome136.57 448.06 Air traffic control towerSuvarnabhumi Airport control towerThailandBangkok132.2 433.7 Roller coasterKingda KaUnited States Jackson, New Jersey138.98 456 Flagpole, free-standing Aqaba FlagpoleJordanAqaba132 430 EquilateralPentagonBaltimore World Trade CenterUnited States Baltimore123.5 405 Statue(including pedestal) Ushiku DaibutsuBronze Buddha Statue JapanUshiku120 394 Storage siloHenninger TurmGermany Frankfurt120 394 SculptureSpire of DublinIrelandDublin120 393 Light advertisement Bayer Cross LeverkusenGermany Leverkusen118 387 Wooden structure Gliwice Radio TowerPolandGliwice118 387 Aerial tramwaysupport tower Pillar of third section of Gletscherbahn KaprunAustriaKaprun113.6 373 LighthouseYokohama Marine TowerJapan Yokohama106 324 Clock TowerJoseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock TowerUnited Kingdom Birmingham100 328 Pre-modern Chinese pagodaLiaodi PagodaChina Ding County, Hebei84 275 Lantern Tower Boston StumpUnited Kingdom Boston, Lincolnshire83.05 272 Statue (not including pedestal) Mamayev KurganRussiaVolgograd82 269 BricklighthouseLeterna di Genoa Italy Genoa77 253 BrickminaretQutub MinarIndiaDelhi72.5 237.8 Electricity Pylon (concrete, prefabricated) Pylon 310 of powerline Innertkirchen-Littau-Mettlen Switzerland Littau59.5 195 Monolithic obelisk Tuthmosis IIObeliskItaly San Giovanni in Laterano36 118.1

Tallest destroyed structures by category, not surpassed by existing structures

There are some destroyed architectural structures which were taller than the tallest existing structure of their type.

Category Structure Country City Height (m) Height (ft) Remarks Guyed mast Warsaw Radio MastPolandGąbin646.38 2,121 completed in 1974, collapsed on August 8, 1991Mast radiator, insulated against ground Warsaw Radio MastPoland Gąbin646.38 2,121 completed in 1974, collapsed on August 8, 1991Guyed tubular steel mast Shushi-Wan Omega TransmitterJapanShushi-Wan 389 1,276 completed in 1973, dismantled in 1998 Structure for destructive scientific experiment Smoky Shot Tower United StatesNevada Test Site213 700 Guyed mast, which carried 44 kt yield nuclear bomb "Smoky" ( part of operation Plumbbob) on top until its explosion on August 31st, 1957 Wooden structure Mühlacker Wood Radio TowerGermanyMühlacker190 623 completed in 1934, destroyed on April 6, 1945by Germans to prevent usage by the Allies of World War II. Masonry buildingMole AntonellianaItalyTorino167.5 549.5 spire destroyed by a tornadoin 1953. Pre-Industrial Era buildingLincoln CathedralUnited KingdomLincoln160 524 completed in 1311, spire blown off in 1549 Structure for illegal purpose Mast of Koning Keizer Admiraal's transmitter Germany Bad Bentheim/Gildehaus 101.2 332 guyed mast of illegal radio transmitteroperated in December 2004 in the FM-band with 10 kW ERP. Mast was situated in Germany, transmitter device in the Netherlands.

Tallest building by function

Category Structure Country City Architectural top mftMixed Use* Burj Dubai** United Arab EmiratesDubai636 (of est. 818) 2,087 (of est. 2,684) Office Taipei 101TaiwanTaipei509 1,671 Mixed Use* (completed only) John Hancock CenterUnited StatesChicago344 1,127 Hotel Rose Tower*** United Arab Emirates Dubai 333 1,093 Residential Q1AustraliaGold Coast, Queensland322.5 1,059 Hotel (in use only) Burj Al ArabUnited Arab Emirates Dubai 321 1,053 Educational Moscow State UniversityRussiaMoscow240 787 Hospital Guy's HospitalUnited KingdomLondon, England143 468 Library W. E. B. DuBois LibraryUnited States Amherst, Massachusetts116 381

* Mixed Use is defined as having both residential and office space.

** As Burj Dubai is still under construction and not yet inhabitable, it currently does not serve a specific function. Upon completion, it will serve as a mixed use building.

*** Although the Rose Tower is complete, it is not currently inhabited. Once the building's hotel opens in April 2008, the tower will become the world's tallest building used exclusively as a hotel.

Tallest buildings

Main article: List of tallest buildings in the world
Comparison of top skyscrapers with measurements to top of antenna along to the oldest modern one, the Eiffel Tower from 1889 Current skyscrapers compared with notable under construction skyscrapers

Up until 1998 the tallest building status was essentially uncontested. Counting buildings as structures with floors throughout, and with antenna masts excluded, the Sears Tower in Chicago was considered the tallest. When the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were built, controversy arose because the spire extended nine meters higher than the roof of the Sears Tower. Excluding the spire, the Petronas Towers are not taller than the Sears Tower. At their convention in Chicago, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) reduced the Sears Tower from world's tallest and pronounced it not second tallest, but third, and pronounced Petronas as world's tallest. This action caused a considerable amount of controversy, so CTBUH defined four categories in which the world's tallest building can be measured:

  1. Height to the structural or architectural top (including spires and pinnacles, but not antennas, masts or flagpoles)
  2. Height to the highest occupied floor
  3. Height to the top of the roof
  4. Height to the top of antenna

The height is measured from the pavement level of the main entrance. At the time, the Sears Tower held first place in the second and third categories. Petronas held the first category, and the original World Trade Towers held the fourth. Within months, however, a new antenna mast was placed on the Sears Tower, giving it hold of the fourth category. On April 20, 2004, the Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was completed. Its completion gave it the world record for the first three categories. On July 21, 2007 it was announced that the Burj Dubai had surpassed Taipei 101 in height, reaching 512 m (1,680 feet) tall. However Burj Dubai is still under construction.

Today, Taipei 101 leads in the first category with 509 m (1,671 feet); in the second category with an occupied floor at 439 m (1,441 feet); and in the third category with 449 m (1,474 feet). The first category was formerly held by the Petronas Twin Towers with 452 m (1,483 feet), and before that by Sears Tower with 442 m (1,451 feet). The second and third categories were held by the Sears Tower, with 412 m (1,351 feet) and 442 m (1,451 feet) respectively.

The Sears Tower still leads in the fourth category with 527 m (1,729 feet), previously held by the World Trade Center until the extension of the Chicago tower's western broadcast antenna in 2000, over a year prior to the Trade Center's destruction in 2001. Its antenna mast included, 1 World Trade Center measured 526 m (1,727 feet). The World Trade Center became the world's tallest buildings to be destroyed or demolished; indeed, its site entered the record books twice on September 11, 2001, in that category, replacing the Singer Building, which once stood a block from the WTC site.[citation needed]

The Ostankino Tower and the CN Tower are excluded from these categories because they are not "habitable buildings", which are defined as frame structures made with floors and walls throughout.

History of record holders in each CTBUH category

Date (Event) Architectural top Highest occupied floor Rooftop Antenna 2003: Taipei 101completed Taipei 101 Taipei 101 Taipei 101 Sears Tower2000: Sears Towerantenna extension Petronas TowersSears Tower Sears Tower Sears Tower 1998: Petronas Towerscompleted Petronas Towers Sears Tower Sears Tower World Trade Center1996: CTBUHdefines categories Sears Tower Sears Tower Sears Tower World Trade Center

World's tallest freestanding structure on land

Main article: List of tallest freestanding structures in the world

Freestanding structures include observation towers, monuments and other structures not generally considered to be "Habitable buildings", but excludes supported structures such as guyed masts and ocean drilling platforms. (See also history of tallest skyscrapers.)

The world's tallest freestanding structure on land is defined as the tallest self-supporting man-made structure that stands above ground. This definition is different from that of world's tallest building or world's tallest structure based on the percent of the structure that is occupied and whether or not it is self-supporting or supported by exterior cables. Likewise, this definition does not count structures that are built underground or on the seabed, such as the Petronius Platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Visit world's tallest structure by category for a list of various other definitions.

As of 12 May 2008, the tallest freestanding structure on land is the still under construction Burj Dubai in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The building, which now stands at 636 m (2,090 ft), surpassed the height of the previous record holder, the 553.3 m (1,815 ft) CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, on September 12, 2007. It is scheduled to be completed in 2009, and is planned to rise to a height of over 818 m (2,680 ft).

History

The following is a list of structures that have held the title as the tallest freestanding structure on land. (See also Timeline of three tallest structures in the world until Empire State Building).

Held record Name and Location Constructed Height (m) Height (ft) Notes From To c. 2600 BCc. 2570 BCRed Pyramidof Sneferu, Egyptc. 2600 BC105 345   c. 2570 BCc. AD 1300Great Pyramid of Giza, Egyptc. 2570 BC146 481 By AD 1439, the Great Pyramid had eroded to a height of approximately 139 m (455 ft). c. 1300 1549 Lincoln Cathedral, England1092–1311 160 525 The central spire was destroyed in a storm in 1549. While the reputed height of 525 ft is doubted by A.F. Kendrick,[8]other sources agree on this height. 1549 1625 St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn, Estonia1438–1519 159 522 The spire burnt down after a lightning strike in 1625 and was rebuilt several times. The current height is 123 m. 1625 1647 St. Mary's Church, Stralsund, Germany1384–1478 151 495 The spire burnt down after a lightning strike in 1647. The current height is 104 m. 1647 1874 Strasbourg Cathedral, France1439 142 469 1874 1876 St. Nikolai, Hamburg, Germany1846–1874 147 483 1876 1880 Cathédrale Notre Dame, Rouen, France1202–1876 151 495   1880 1884 Cologne Cathedral, Germany1248–1880 157 515 1884 1889 Washington Monument, United States1884 169 555   1889 1930 Eiffel Tower, Paris, France1889 300 986 The addition of a telecommunications tower in the 1950s brought the overall height to 324 m. 1930 1931 Chrysler Building, New York, United States1928–1930 319 1,046 1931 1967 Empire State Building, New York, United States1930–1931 381 1,250   1967 1975 Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia1963–1967 537 1,762 Remains the tallest in Europe 1975 2007 CN Tower, Toronto, Canada1973–1976 553 1,815   2007 present Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates2004–2008 636* 2,087* Surpassed the CN Tower in September 2007. Estimated to rise higher than 800 m (2,625 ft) when completed in 2009.
Diagram of the Principal High Buildings of the Old World, 1884.

Notable mentions include the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria, built in the third century BC, and estimated between 115 to 135 m (383–440 ft). It was the world's tallest non-pyramidal building for many centuries. Another notable mention includes the Jetavanaramaya stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, which was built in the third century, and was similarly tall at 122 m (400 ft). These were both the world's tallest or second tallest non-pyramidal buildings for over a thousand years.

The tallest secular building between the collapse of the Pharos and the erection of the Washington Monument may have been the Torre del Mangia in Siena, which is 102 m tall, and was constructed in the first half of the fourteenth century, and the 97 m tall Torre degli Asinelli in Bologna, also Italy, built between 1109 and 1119.

* This is the current height of Burj Dubai, as of 12 May 2008. When completed, it is expected to rise over 800 m (2,625 ft)

World's highest observation deck

Main article: Observation deck

Timeline of development of world's highest observation deck since inauguration of Eiffel Tower.

Held record Name and Location Constructed Height of highest observation deck (m) Height of highest observation deck (ft) Notes From To  1889  1931 Eiffel Tower, Paris, France 1889 275 902 Two further observation decks 57 and 115 metres above ground.  1931  1973 Empire State Building, New York City, USA 1931 369[9]1211 A second observation deck is located on the 86th floor at 320 metres above ground.  1973  1976 World Trade Center, New York City, USA 1973 420 1378 Destroyed during the September 11, 2001 attacks 1976  present CN Tower, Toronto, Canada 1976 446.5 1398 Two further observation decks 342 and 346 metres above ground.

Higher observation decks have existed on mountain peaks or cliffs, rather than on tall structures. For example, the Royal Gorge Bridge in Cañon City, Colorado, USA, was constructed in 1929 spanning the Royal Gorge at a height of 321 m (1095 ft.) above the Arkansas River.

The currently under-construction 492 m high Shanghai World Financial Center will have three observation decks including one on the 100th floor, possibly surpassing the CN Tower's.[10]

Timeline of guyed structures on land

As most of the tallest structures are guyed masts and the absolute height record of architectural structures on land is since 1954 kept by them, here is a timeline of world's tallest guyed masts, since the beginning of radio technology.

As many large guyed masts were destroyed at the end of World War II, the dates for the years between 1945 and 1950 may be incorrect. If Wusung Radio Tower survived World War II, it was the tallest guyed structure shortly after World War II.

Held record Name and Location Constructed Height (m) Height (ft) Notes From To  1913  1920 Central mast of Eilvese transmitter, Eilvese, Germany 1913 250 820 Mast was divided in 145 m by an insulator, demolished in 1931  1920  1923 Central masts of Nauen Transmitter Station, Nauen, Germany 1920 260 853 2 masts, demolished in 1946  1923  1933 Masts of Ruiselede transmitter, Ruiselede, Belgium 1923 287 942 8 masts, destroyed in 1940  1933  1939 Lakihegy Tower, Lakihegy, Hungary 1933 314 1,031 Blaw-Knox Tower, insulated against ground, destroyed in 1945, afterwards rebuilt  1939  1945 Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster, Herzberg (Elster), Germany 1939 335 1,099 Insulated against ground, dismantled in 1945  1945  1946 Blaw-Knox Tower Liblice, Liblice, Czech Republic 1936 280.4 920 Demolished on October 17, 1972 by explosives. Replaced in 1976 by 2 355 masts.  1946  1948 Lakihegy Tower, Lakihegy, Hungary 1946 314 1,031 Blaw-Knox Tower, Insulated against ground, rebuilt after destruction in 1945  1948  1949 WIVB-TV Tower, Colden, New York, USA 1948 321.9 1,056  1949  1950 Longwave transmitter Raszyn, Raszyn, Poland 1949 335 1,099 Insulated against ground  1950  1954 Forestport Tower, Forestport, New York, USA 1950 371.25 1,218 Insulated against ground  1954  1959 Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA 1954 480.5 1,576    1956  1959 KOBR-TV Tower, Caprock, New Mexico, USA 1956 490.7 1,610 Collapsed in 1960  1959  1960 WGME TV Tower, Raymond, Maine, USA 1959 495 1,624  1960  1962 KFVS TV Mast, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA 1960 511.1 1,677  1962  1963 WTVM/WRBL-TV & WVRK-FM Tower, Cusseta, Georgia, USA 1962 533 1,749 Located in Cusseta, Georgia  1963  1963 WIMZ-FM-Tower, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA 1963 534.01 1,752  1963  1974 KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA 1963 628.8 2,063  1974  1991 Warsaw Radio Mast, Gąbin, Poland 1974 646.4 2,121 Mast radiator insulated against ground, collapsed in 1991  1991   KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA  1963 628.8 2,063

Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings

See also: List of tallest buildings in the world, List of tallest structures in the world, List of tallest freestanding structures in the world, Timeline of three tallest structures in the world

The list categories are:

  • The structures (supported) list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type that might use some external support constructions like cables and are fully built in air. Only the three tallest are listed, as more than fifty US TV masts have stated heights of 600-610m (1969-2000 ft).
  • The structures (media supported) list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type that are not totally built in the air but are using support from other, denser media like salt water. All structures greater than 500 m (1,640 ft) are listed.
  • The freestanding structures list uses pinnacle height and includes structures over 400 m (1,312 ft) that do not use guy-wires or other external supports. This means truly free standing on its own or, in similar sense, non-supported structures.
  • The building list uses architectural height (excluding antennas) and includes only buildings, defined as consisting of habitable floors. Both of these follow CTBUH guidelines. All supertall buildings (300 m and higher) are listed.

Notes:

  • Seven buildings appear on the freestanding structures category list with different heights than of another category. This is due to the different measurement specifications of those lists.
  • Only current heights and where reasonable target heights are listed. Historical heights of structures that e.g. did collapse are excluded.
Rank Name and location Year
completed Architectural top[11]Floors Structures (supported) 1 KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, United States1963 629 m (2,064 ft) – 2 KXJB-TV mast, Galesburg, North Dakota, United States1998 628 m (2,060 ft) – 3 KXTV/KOVR Tower, Walnut Grove, California, United States2000 625 m (2,051 ft) – Structures (media supported) 1 Petronius Platform, Gulf of Mexico2000 610 m (2,001 ft) – 2 Baldpate Platform, Gulf of Mexico 1998 580 m (1,902.9 ft) – 3 Bullwinkle Platform, Gulf of Mexico 1989 529 m (1,736 ft) – Freestanding structures (Main Article: List of tallest freestanding structures in the world) 1 Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates(under construction) 2009 636 m (2,087 ft)
818 m (2,684 ft) (predicted) 162 (predicted) 2 CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada1976 553 m (1,814 ft) – 3 Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia1967 540 m (1,772 ft) – 4 Sears Tower, Chicago, United States1974 527 m (1,729 ft) 110 5 Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan2003 509 m (1,670 ft) 101 6 Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China(under construction) 2008 492 m (1,614 ft) 101 7 Oriental Pearl Tower, Shanghai, People's Republic of China1996 468 m (1,535 ft) – 8 John Hancock Center, Chicago, United States1969 457 m (1,500 ft) 100 9 Petronas Tower I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia1998 452 m (1,483 ft) 88 9 Petronas Tower II, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia1998 452 m (1,483 ft) 88 11 Empire State Building, New York City, United States1936 449 (1,472 ft) 102 12 Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran2007 435 m (1,427 ft) – 13 Kuala Lumpur Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia1995 421 m (1,381 ft) – 14 Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, People's Republic of China1998 421 m (1,381 ft) 88 15 Chimney of GRES-2 Power Station, Ekibastuz, Kazakhstan1987 420 m (1,378 ft) – 16 Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China2003 415 m (1,362 ft) 88 17 Tianjin Radio and Television Tower, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China1991 415 m (1,362 ft) – 18 Central TV Tower, Bejing, People’s Republic of China1992 405 m (1,329 ft) – Buildings (Main Article: List of tallest buildings in the world) 1 Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan2003 509 m (1,670 ft) 101 2 Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China(topped out) 2008 492 m (1,614 ft) 101 3= Petronas Tower I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia1998 452 m (1,483 ft) 88 3= Petronas Tower II, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia1998 452 m (1,483 ft) 88 5 Sears Tower, Chicago, United States1974 442 m (1,450 ft) 110 6 Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, People's Republic of China1998 421 m (1,381 ft) 88 7 Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China2003 415 m (1,362 ft) 88 8 CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China1997 391 m (1,283 ft) 80 9 Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China1996 384 m (1,260 ft) 69 10 Empire State Building, New York, United States1931 381 m (1,250 ft) 102 11 Central Plaza, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China1992 374 m (1,227 ft) 78 12 Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China1990 367 m (1,204 ft) 70 13 Bank of America Tower, New York, United States2008 366 m (1,201 ft) 54 14 Almas Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates2008 360 m (1,181 ft) 74 15 Emirates Office Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates2000 355 m (1,165 ft) 54 16 Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan1997 348 m (1,142 ft) 85 17 Aon Center, Chicago, United States1973 346 m (1,135 ft) 83 18 The Center, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China1998 346 m (1,135 ft) 73 19 John Hancock Center, Chicago, United States1969 344 m (1,129 ft) 100 20= Rose Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates2007 333 m (1,093 ft) 72 20= Shimao International Plaza, Shanghai, People's Republic of China2006 333 m (1,093 ft) 60 22 Minsheng Bank Building, Wuhan, People's Republic of China2007 331 m (1,086 ft) 68 23= Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang, North Korea(topped out) 1992 330 m (1,083 ft) 105 23= China World Trade Center Tower 3, Beijing, People's Republic of China2008 330 m (1,083 ft) 74 25 Q1 Tower, Gold Coast City, Australia2005 323 m (1,060 ft) 78 26 Burj Al Arab, Dubai, United Arab Emirates1999 321 m (1,053 ft) 60 27= Chrysler Building, New York, United States1930 319 m (1,047 ft) 77 27= Nina Tower I, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China2007 319 m (1,047 ft) 80 27= New York Times Building, New York, United States2007 319 m (1,047 ft) 52 30 Bank of America Plaza, Atlanta, United States1992 312 m (1,024 ft) 55 31 U.S. Bank Tower, Los Angeles, United States1989 310 m (1,017 ft) 73 32 Menara Telekom, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2001 310 m (1,017 ft) 55 33 Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel, Dubai, United Arab Emirates2000 309 m (1,014 ft) 56 34 One Island East, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China2008 308 m (1,010 ft) 70 35 AT&T Corporate Center, Chicago, United States1989 307 m (1,007 ft) 60 36 JPMorgan Chase Tower, Houston, United States1982 305 m (1,001 ft) 75 37 Baiyoke Tower II, Bangkok, Thailand1997 304 m (997 ft) 85 38 Two Prudential Plaza, Chicago, United States1990 303 m (994 ft) 64 39= Wells Fargo Plaza, Houston, United States1983 302 m (991 ft) 71 39= Kingdom Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia2002 302 m (991 ft) 41

Source: Emporis

Future record-breaking structures

This section needs additional citationsfor verification.
Please help improve this articleby adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challengedand removed. (July 2007)

Numerous supertall skyscrapers are in various stages of proposal, planning, or construction. Each of these, depending on the order of completion, could become the world's tallest building or structure in at least one category:

Under construction

  • Burj Dubai in Dubai, UAE is expected to be an 818 m (2,684 ft) tall skyscraper. It is currently under construction, and as of 12 May 2008, it is 636 m (2,086.6 ft) tall, with 160 completed floors. If completed (projected for 2009) it will be the tallest manmade structure of any kind in history. Currently there is no man-made structure under construction that is planned to be taller than the Burj Dubai, but there are some proposals.
  • The 610 m (2,001 ft), 150 floor Chicago Spire (formerly Fordham Spire) is currently under construction in Chicago. If completed, it would surpass the CN Tower as the tallest freestanding building in North America, and would be the tallest all-residential building in the world.[12] Construction began in June 2007, and is expected to be completed in late 2010.
  • The Jakarta Tower (Menara Jakarta) is a tower that is currently on-hold in Jakarta, Indonesia. If completed (projected for 2011), it will stand up 558 m (1,831 ft.) tall up to the antenna, thus may be tallest concrete tower.

Proposed

  • The Space Elevator is a hypothetical structure that would consist of a 40,000 km long cord connecting a point on or near the equator to an object, possibly a captured asteroid, in the Clarke orbit; while CNT cables have been found to possess phenomenal tensile strength far beyond any material developed so far[citation needed], they are still not strong enough for this purpose by almost an order of magnitude, and it is highly improbable that this technology could be enhanced sufficiently to perform this feat, thus this remains in the realm of speculative fiction for the time being.
  • The Launch loop concept has been proposed for the purposes of orbital launch which would be 80 km high, and would have a cost of around $10 billion.[13]
  • The X-Seed 4000 is the tallest building ever fully envisioned, meaning that the designs for construction have been completed. The X-Seed 4000 "was never meant to be built," says Georges Binder, managing director of Buildings & Data, a firm which compiles data banks on buildings worldwide. "The purpose of the plan was to earn some recognition for the firm, and it worked."[1] Its proposed 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) height, 6 km (3.7 mi) wide sea-base, and 800 floor capacity could accommodate five hundred thousand to one million inhabitants.
  • The Shimizu TRY 2004 Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan. The structure would be 12 times higher than the Great Pyramid at Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth. The structure would be 2,004 m (6,575 feet) high and would answer Tokyo's increasing lack of space.
  • The Aeropolis 2001 is a proposed project for construction of a massive 500-story high-rise building over Tokyo Bay in Japan. It is proposed to be a 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) high building.
  • Al Jaber Tower in Kuwait City proposed by the famous Italian architect Amero Marchetti, part of the planned "ethic city". If built the Al Jaber Tower would reach 1852 m.
  • The Mile High Tower (Arabic: برج الميل‎) is a proposed skyscraper currently planned for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It is proposed to rise 1,600 m (5,249 ft) in height, and has already had its necessary funding set aside.
  • The Bionic Tower is a proposed vertical city, an extremely large building designed for human habitation, designed by Spanish architects Eloy Celaya, and Mª Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez Pioz. It would have a main tower 1,228 metres (4,029 ft) high, with 300 stories that would house about 100,000 people.
  • Al Burj is a proposed skyscraper, also planned for Dubai, UAE, expected to be approximately 1,050 m (3,445 ft) tall.[14]
  • Murjan Tower is a Swedish company's proposal for a supertall skyscraper in Bahrain. Designed by the Danish architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S, it is expected to be 1,022 m (3,353 ft) in height and comprise 200 floors.[15]
  • The proposed Sky City 1000 is a possible future urban supertall skyscraper project aimed at helping put an end to major congestion and lack of greenspace in the Tokyo, Japan metropolitan area. The plan consists of a building 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) tall and 400 m (1,312 ft) wide at the base, and a total floor area of 8 km² (3.1 sq mi).
  • DIB-200 is a possible mixed use supertall skyscraper project proposed by Kajima Construction, and designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe, that if built, would be 800 metres (2,625 ft) tall.
  • Noida Tower, 750 m (2,461 ft) tall, is proposed for a small metro city in Delhi's NCR region with a target date for completion of 2013.
  • PAGCOR Tower is a proposal in Manila, Philippines for a height of 655 m (2,149 ft), planned to be completed in 2010.

Never-built record-breaking structures

  • Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by 50 m (164 ft), but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
  • The Palace of Soviets in Moscow, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before being razed in 1995.
  • The Grant USA Tower was planned by developer Harry Grant, who started New York Apple Tours. The building was to be completed in 1986 in Newark, New Jersey and to be the tallest hotel, tallest building and tallest structure. Harry Grant went bankrupt and the building never broke ground. [17]
  • Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed 646 m (2,119 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289 m was built as a replacement in 1998-99 at Solec Kujawski.
  • Construction was scheduled to begin in 2006 on the now-canceled Strait of Messina Bridge. It would have been the world's largest suspension bridge as well as the tallest, as the proposed height of the two towers, 382.6 metres (1,255 ft), exceeded the 343 m (1,125 ft) of current record-holder Millau Viaduct in France.
  • Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560m (1837ft) tall.
  • A series of super-tall sky-scrapers were planned for the major Australian cities of Melbourne, Brisbane, Sydney and Perth from 1985-95 but were all cancelled. The plans included (in order of height) the Grollo Tower (mentioned above), Brisbane Central Tower (450m/1476ft, Brisbane), Minuzzo Tower (450m/1476ft, Brisbane), CBD-1 (445m/1459ft, Sydney), Melbourne Plaza (338m/1109ft, Melbourne), City Tower (305m/1000ft, Sydney) and the Westralia Tower (287m/941ft, Perth). The buildings would have been some of the tallest buildings in the world at the time, but were cancelled mainly due to their unnecessary heights which would have dwarfed all surrounding buildings
  • The Ultima Tower is a hypothetical two-mile high skyscraper by architect Eugene Tsui that would be 3,217 m (10,560 ft) tall and comprise 500 stories if built.[19]
  • The Millennium Freedom Tower was a project to be located in Newport, Kentucky, United States was originally proposed in 1998 to be dedicated on Dec 31, 1999. The original height was a proposed 1,234 feet (376 m) and was later lowered to 1,103 ft (306 m). Pilings were driven in 1998, but construction never continued above ground.[20]
  • The World Science Tower was to be one of the world's tallest buildings, proposed in 1964. It was to be located near Larkspur, Colorado, U.S.A. Its design would have had an amusment park at the base.

References

  1. ^ a b Burj Dubai sets new global record in glass panel installation. Emaar. Retrieved on 2008-05-13.
  2. ^ Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world’s tallest man-made structure. Emaar. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  3. ^ CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building
  4. ^ "On Top of the World", Time, 2007-07-18. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 
  5. ^ BBC News, Dubai skyscraper world's tallest
  6. ^ CTV.ca Dubai building surpasses CN Tower in height, September 13, 2007
  7. ^ Highest Dams (World and U.S.) (chart). 1998 ICOLD World Register of Dams. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  8. ^ The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cathedral Church Of LINCOLN, by A.F. KENDRICK, B.A
  9. ^ The Empire State Building. Wired New York. Retrieved on 2007-12-23.
  10. ^ Shanghai Sky - SWFC Observatory
  11. ^ Height for inhabited buildings with floors; does not include TV towers and antennas.
  12. ^ Chicago Business News, Analysis & Articles | Calatrava tower to drop spire | Crain's
  13. ^ PDF version of Lofstrom's 1985 launch loop publication (AIAA 1985)
  14. ^ Nakheel designs 1km-high tower. Retrieved on 2007-08-10.
  15. ^ Murjan Tower 1, Manama
  16. ^ Article - 602 - Japan Set For Worlds Tallest
  17. ^ Grant USA Tower, Newark / Emporis.com
  18. ^ Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle, Chicago
  19. ^ The "Ultima" Tower, Two-mile High Sky City
  20. ^ http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103174 Emporis Buildings accessed February 21, 2008

External links

v • d • eTallest buildings and structures in the world Buildings and structures by country
Algeria · Australia · Austria · Canada · People's Republic of China · France · Hungary · Ireland · Israel · Japan · PortugalBuildings100+ floors · Churches · History of tallest skyscrapers
Africa · Europe · European Union · Australia · Brazil · Canada · People's Republic of China · Colombia · Croatia · Czech Republic · Finland · Germany · Iceland · India · Israel · Lithuania · Republic of Macedonia · Malaysia · Mexico · Norway · Pakistan · Poland · Romania · Saudi Arabia · Serbia · Singapore · Slovenia · Sri Lanka · Sweden · Taiwan · Turkey · United Arab Emirates · United Kingdom · United StatesStructuresTowers · Chimneys
Commonwealth of Nations · Europe · Middle East · former Yugoslavia-->Belgium · Bulgaria · Czech Republic · Denmark · Finland · Germany · Hungary · Iceland · Italy · Japan · Luxemburg · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Romania · Slovakia · former Soviet Union · South America · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · United Kingdom · United States · Additionally guyed tower · Architectural structure · Antenna height considerations · Air traffic obstacle · Construction · Height restriction laws · Oil platform · Partially guyed tower · SupertallListsList of buildings · List of largest buildings in the world · List of world's largest domes
Categories: Construction records | Lists of buildings and structures | Lists of tallest structuresHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from August 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Articles needing additional references from July 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2008

Link former page on this page

Related word on this page

Related Shopping on this page