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Duke of York

HRH The Prince Andrew, the current Duke of York
For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York.

The title Duke of York is a title of nobility in the British peerage. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, been usually given to the second son of the British monarch. Since the second creation (1474), none of the holders of the title have ever transmitted it: they either died without male heirs or became King themselves.

The current Duke of York is The Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II. Andrew currently has no male heirs; thus, the most likely candidate for the next creation is Prince Henry of Wales, being the second son of Charles, Prince of Wales.

The wife of the Duke of York is known as the Duchess of York.

Contents

History

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York was in mediæval times the main town of Northern England, and Yorkshire was England's largest shire.

Between the fall of Jorvik under Eirik Bloodaxe, last King of Jorvik and the first created Duke of York, there were a few Earls of York.

The title was first created in the Peerage of England for Edmund of Langley, the fourth surviving son of Edward III, and an important character in Shakespeare's Richard II. His son Edward, who inherited the title, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The title passed to his nephew Richard, the son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (who had been executed for plotting against King Henry V). The younger Richard managed to obtain a restoration of the title, but when his eldest son, who inherited the title, became King in 1461 as Edward IV, the title merged into the Crown.

The title was next created for Richard of Shrewsbury, second son of King Edward IV. Richard was one of the Princes in the Tower, and as he died without heirs, the title became extinct at his death.

The next creation was for Henry Tudor, second son of King Henry VII. When his elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, Henry became heir to the throne, and ultimately King Henry VIII, when his titles merged into the crown.

The title was for the fourth time created for Charles Stuart, second son of King James I. When his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1612, Charles became heir, was created Prince of Wales in 1616 and eventually became King Charles I, and the title merged into the Crown.

The fifth creation was in favour of James Stuart, the second son of Charles I. Named for this particular Duke of York are the city and state of New York in what is now the United States of America. When his elder brother, King Charles II, died without heirs, James succeeded to the throne as King James II, and the title once again merged into the Crown.

In the early 18th century, the Jacobite claimant to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, son of James II, granted the title "Duke of York" (in the Jacobite Peerage) to his own second son, Henry. James Francis Edward Stuart was known to those who rejected his claims as "The Old Pretender"; his elder son Charles was called "The Young Pretender", and "Bonnie Prince Charlie", and the younger son, Henry, who became a Roman Catholic cardinal, was known as the Cardinal Duke of York. To the Jacobites, they were Kings James III, Charles III, and Henry IX, respectively.

The next creations (the title changing to "York and Albany") were in the Peerage of Great Britain. The title was first held by Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Bishop of Osnabrück, the youngest brother of King George I. He died without heirs.

The second creation of the Dukedom of York and Albany was for Prince Edward Augustus, younger brother of King George III, who also died without heirs, having never married.

The third and last creation of the York and Albany title was for Prince Frederick Augustus, the second son of King George III. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army for many years, and was the original "Grand old Duke of York" in the popular rhyme. He too died without heirs.

The sixth creation of the Dukedom of York was for Prince George of Wales, second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII. He was created Duke of York following the death of his elder brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. The title merged with the crown when George succeeded his father as King George V.

The seventh creation was for Prince Albert, second son of King George V, and younger brother of King Edward VIII. Albert came unexpectedly to the throne when his brother abdicated, and took the name George VI, the Dukedom merging into the crown.

The most recent creation was for Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II. As of the present day, he only has two daughters. Thus, if he has no future sons, which seems likely, the title will become extinct at his death. If the tradition of awarding the title to the second son of the monarch were to continue, the title would then be awarded to Prince Harry, the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales, the current heir apparent to the throne. Titles are traditionally given on marriage and if Harry's marriage predated Andrew's death, another title would have to be awarded instead (following the precedent of the Earldom of Wessex being awarded to the current Duke of York's brother, Prince Edward, with the promise of the Dukedom of Edinburgh being granted to him at a later date, Prince Harry may be created an Earl with the expectation of being created Duke of York on his uncle's death).

Aside from the first creation, every time the Dukedom of York has been created it has had only one occupant, that person either inheriting the throne or dying without male heirs. This has fuelled the rumour that there is a curse on the title.

Dukes

Dukes of York

First creation, 1385-1415, 1415-1461

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Edmund of Langley
House of York(founder)
1385–14025 June1341
Kings Langley
son of Edward III of Englandand Philippa of HainaultIsabella of Castile
1372
3 children

Joan de Holland
no children

1 August 1402
Kings Langley
aged 61

Edward of Norwich
House of York
1402–14151373
Norwich
son of Edmund of Langleyand Isabella of Castilenever married 25 October1415
Agincourt
aged 42 Richard Plantagenet
House of York
1415–146021 September1411
son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridgeand Anne de MortimerCecily Neville
1437
13 children 30 December1460
Wakefield
aged 42 Edward Plantagenet
House of York
1460–146128 April1442
Rouen
son of Richard Plantagenetand Cecily NevilleElizabeth Woodville
1 May1464
10 children 9 April1483
Westminster
aged 40

Edward Plantagenet became king Edward IV of England in 1461, as thus the title Duke of York was merged with the Crown of England.

Second creation, 1474-1483

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Richard of Shrewsbury
House of York
1474–148317 August1473
Shrewsbury
son of Edward IV of Englandand Elizabeth WoodvilleAnne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk
15 January1478
no children unknown

How Richard of Shrewsbury died is a controversial, frequently debated topic and there is no solid evidence for his date, age or place of death, though he was incarcerated in the Tower of London along with his brother, becoming popularly known as one of the Princes in the Tower.

Third creation, 1494-1509

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Henry Tudor
House of Tudor
1494–150928 June1491
Greenwich Palace
son of Henry VII of Englandand Elizabeth of YorkCatherine of Aragon
11 June1509
1 child

Anne Boleyn
25 January 1533
1 child Jane Seymour
30 May 1536
1 child Anne of Cleves
6 January 1540
no children Catherine Howard
28 July 1540
no children Catherine Parr
12 July 1543
no children

28 January1547
Whitehall Palace
aged 55

Henry Tudor became king Henry VIII of England in 1509, as thus the title Duke of York was merged with the Crown of England.

Fourth creation, 1605-1625

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Charles Stuart
("Saint Charles the Martyr")
House of Stuart
1605–162519 November1600
Dunfermline Palace
son of James I of Englandand Anne of DenmarkHenrietta Maria of France
13 June1625
9 children 30 January1649
Whitehall Palace
aged 48

Charles Stuart became king Charles I of England in 1625, as thus the title Duke of York was merged with the Crown of England.

Fifth creation, (1633) 1644-1685

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death James Stuart
House of Stuart
1633/1644–168514 October1633
St. James's Palace
son of Charles I of Englandand Henrietta Maria of FranceAnne Hyde
3 September1660
8 children

Mary of Modena
21 November 1673
7 children|| 16 September 1701
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
aged 67

Styled Duke of York from birth. James Stuart became king James II of England in 1685, as thus the title Duke of York was merged with the Crown of England.

Dukes of York and Albany

First creation, 1716-1728

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Prince Ernest Augustus
House of Hanover
1716–17287 September1674
Osnabrück
son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburgand Sophia of the Palatinatenever married 14 August1728
Osnabrück
aged 53

Prince Ernest also held the title Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück. He was the younger brother of George I of Great Britain and died sine prole.

Second creation, 1760-1767

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Prince Edward
House of Hanover
1760–176725 March1739
Norfolk House
son of Frederick, Prince of Walesand Augusta of Saxe-Gothanever married 17 September1767
Prince's Palace of Monaco
aged 28

Prince Edward was the younger brother of George III of the United Kingdom, Edward died while still in his 20s after coming down with illness, he died sine prole.

Third creation, 1784-1827

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Prince Frederick
House of Hanover
1784–182716 August1763
St. James's Palace
son of Frederick, Prince of Walesand Augusta of Saxe-GothaFrederica Charlotte of Prussia
29 September1791
No children 5 January1827
Rutland House
aged 63

Prince Frederick separated from his only wife Frederica Charlotte with whom he had no children, but was rumoured to have fathered several illegitimate children, however none of these received the title Duke of York.

Dukes of York

Sixth creation, 1892-1910

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Prince George
House of Windsor
1892–19103 June1865
Marlborough House
son of Edward VII of the United Kingdomand Alexandra of DenmarkMary of Teck
6 July1893
6 children 20 January1936
Sandringham House
aged 70

Prince George became king George V of the United Kingdom in 1910, as thus the title Duke of York was merged with the Crown of the United Kingdom.

Seventh creation, 1920-1936

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Prince Albert
House of Windsor
1920–193614 December1895
Sandringham House
son of George V of the United Kingdomand Mary of TeckElizabeth Bowes-Lyon
26 April1923
2 children 6 February1952
Sandringham House
aged 56

Prince Albert became king George VI of the United Kingdom in 1936, as thus the title Duke of York was merged with the Crown of the United Kingdom.

Eighth creation, 1986-Present

Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death Prince Andrew
House of Windsor
1986–present 19 February1960
Buckingham Palace
son of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdomand Prince Philip, Duke of EdinburghSarah Ferguson
23 July1986
2 children current holder

External links

See also

Places named after Dukes of York:

v • d • eDukes of York

HRH The Prince Andrew, Duke of York

Edmund of Langley (1385–1402) · Edward of Norwich (1402–1415) · Richard Plantagenet (1415-1460) · Edward of York (1460-1461) · Richard of Shrewsbury (1474-1483) · Henry (1494-1509) · Charles (1605-1625) · James (1633/1644-1685) · Ernest Augustus (1716-1728) · Edward (1760-1767) · Frederick (1784-1827) · George (1892-1910) · Albert (1920-1936)

v • d • eBritish royal titles* Duke of Lancaster · Duke of Edinburgh · Prince& Princess of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay · Duke & Duchess of York, Duke of Albany · Earl of Wessex · Duke of Gloucester · Duke of Kent · Duke of Windsor · Duke of Clarence · Duke of Cambridge · Duke of Cumberland · Duke of Connaughtand Strathearn · Duke of Sussex · Princess Royal
* since the Union of the crowns, listed by precedence of most recent bearer, grouped into similar titles
v • d • eExtant British dukedoms*

Edinburgh • Cornwall & Rothesay • York • Gloucester • Kent • Norfolk • Somerset • Richmond, Lennox & Gordon • Grafton • Beaufort • St Albans • Bedford • Devonshire • Marlborough • Rutland • Hamilton & Brandon • Buccleuch & Queensberry • Argyll & Argyll • Atholl • Montrose • Roxburghe • Manchester • Northumberland • Leinster • Wellington • Sutherland • Abercorn • Westminster • Fife

* Extant dukedoms, listed by precedence, from highest to lowest

Categories: Dukedoms | Dukes of York | Dukes of York and Albany | Lists of dukes in Great BritainHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from March 2008 | All articles needing copy edit

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