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Declaration of independence

This article is about declarations of independence in general. Specific declarations of independence are listed below in alphabetical order. For the painting of this name, see Trumbull's Declaration of Independence.
For the 1938 short film, see The Declaration of Independence (film).

A declaration of independence is an assertion of the independence of an aspiring state or states. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. Not all Declarations of independences were successful and resulted in independence for these regions.

Declarations of independence are typically made without the consent of the parent state, and hence are sometimes called unilateral declarations of independence (UDI), particularly by those who question the declarations' validity.

Region Declaration Date Year Parent Signatories First recognising state AlbaniaAlbanian Declaration of Independence November 281912 Ottoman EmpireUnited Provinces of South America
(Argentina) Argentine Declaration of IndependenceJuly 91816 SpainCongress of TucumánAzerbaijanAzerbaijan Declaration of IndependenceAugust 301991 Soviet UnionPopular Front of AzerbaijanTurkeyBangladeshBangladeshi Declaration of Independence 1971 PakistanIndiaBelarusBelavezha AccordsDecember 81991 Soviet UnionPresidents of Russia, Ukraineand BelarusTurkeyBelgiumBelgian Declaration of Independence October 41830 NetherlandsProvisional Government of BelgiumBrazilBrazilian Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 71822 PortugalPedro I of BrazilCentral AmericaCentral American Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 151821 SpainChileChilean Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 121818 SpainNational CongressPortugalDominican RepublicDominican Declaration of Independence February 271844 HaitiEast TimorEast Timorese Declaration of IndependenceNovember 281975 PortugalMoroccoEstoniaEstonian Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 241918 RussiaSalvation CommitteeEstoniaEstonian Confirmation of IndependenceAugust 201991 Soviet UnionCongress of EstoniaIcelandFinlandFinland's Declaration of IndependenceDecember 191917 RussiaParliament of FinlandGeorgia (country)Georgia's Declaration of IndependenceApril 91991 Soviet UnionGermanyGeorgia (U.S. state)Georgia's secession declaration January 291861 United StatesGuinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau Declaration of Independence September 241973 PortugalHaitiHaitian Declaration of Independence January 11804 FranceJean-Jacques DessalinesHungaryHungarian Declaration of Independence April 171848 Austrian EmpireIcelandIcelandic Declaration of Independence June 171944 DenmarkIndiaIndian Declaration of IndependenceAugust 151947 United KingdomUnited StatesIndonesiaIndonesian Declaration of IndependenceAugust 171945 NetherlandsSukarno& Mohammad HattaEgyptIrelandProclamation of the Irish RepublicApril 241916 United KingdomIrish Volunteers
Irish Citizen ArmyIrish RepublicIrish Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 211919 United KingdomDáil ÉireannSoviet UnionIsraelIsraeli Declaration of IndependenceMay 141948 United KingdomJewish People's CouncilUnited StatesKatangaKatangan Declaration of Independence 1960 Congo (Léopoldville)KoreaKorean Declaration of IndependenceMarch 11919 JapanKosovo1990 Kosovo declaration of independence? 1990 SerbiaAlbaniaKosovoKosovo declaration of IndependenceFebruary 172008 SerbiaAssembly of KosovoCosta RicaLatviaOn the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of LatviaMay 41990 Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Latvian SSRIcelandLithuaniaAct of Independence of LithuaniaFebruary 161918 GermanyCouncil of LithuaniaGermanyLithuaniaAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of LithuaniaMarch 111990 Soviet UnionSupreme Council of LithuaniaIcelandLow Countries (the Netherlands)Oath of AbjurationJuly 261581 SpainMacedoniaIndependence of Macedonia1991 YugoslaviaBulgariaMississippiA Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union January 91861 United StatesMoldovaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of MoldovaAugust 271991 Soviet UnionParliament of the Republic of MoldovaRomaniaMontenegroMontenegro declaration of independence June 32006 Serbia and MontenegroAssembly of the Republic of MontenegroIcelandNew ZealandDeclaration of the Independence of New Zealand1835 United KingdomMāorichiefs Northern America
(Mexico) Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern AmericaNovember 61813 SpainCongress of AnáhuacNorthern CyprusDeclaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern CyprusNovember 151983 CyprusTurkeyNorwayConstitution of NorwayMay 171814 Union according to Treaty of KielConstitutional assemblyPakistanAugust 141947 IndiaPeruAct of the Declaration of Independence of Peru July 281821 SpainJosé de San MartínPalestinePalestinian Declaration of IndependenceNovember 151988 IsraelPalestinian National CouncilPhilippinesPhilippine Declaration of IndependenceJune 121898 SpainEmilio AguinaldoRhodesiaRhodesian Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceNovember 111965 United KingdomIan Smithand the rest of the Cabinet none RomaniaRomanian Declaration of IndependenceMay 221871 Ottoman EmpireKing Carol IRussiaBelavezha AccordsDecember 81991 Soviet UnionPresidents of Russia, Ukraineand BelarusScotlandDeclaration of ArbroathApril 61320 EnglandScottishleaders SingaporeProclamation of Singapore[1]August 91965 MalaysiaLee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of SingaporeSloveniaSlovenian Declaration of IndependenceJune 251991 YugoslaviaCroatiaSomalilandSomaliland Declaration of Independence 1991 Somalianone South CarolinaDeclaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal UnionDecember 241860 United StatesSouth Carolinians in Charleston Southern CameroonsSouthern Cameroons Declaration of Independence December 311999 Cameroonnone TexasTexas Declaration of IndependenceMarch 21836 MexicoTexasA Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union February 11861 United StatesTexas Legislature TransnistriaTransnistrian Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 21990 Soviet UnionSecond Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Pridnestrovie none UkraineBelavezha AccordsDecember 81991 Soviet UnionPresidents of Russia, Ukraineand BelarusPolandUnited StatesUnited States Declaration of IndependenceJuly 41776 Great BritainSecond Continental CongressFranceUzbekistanDeclaration of IndependenceAugust 311991 Soviet UnionSupreme Council of UzbekistanTurkeyVenezuelaVenezuelan Declaration of IndependenceJuly 51811 Kingdom of SpainRepresentatives of the States of Venezuela VietnamProclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of VietnamSeptember 21945 JapanHồ Chí MinhChina

Independence without a declaration

In many cases, independence is achieved without a declaration of independence but instead occurs by bilateral agreement. An example of this is the independence of many components of the British Empire, most parts of which achieved independence through negotiation with the United Kingdom government. Australia and Canada, for example, achieved full independence through a series of acts of their respective national parliaments. One notable example of the importance of a formal declaration is the fact that if Taiwan declared itself independent of the People's Republic of China, China would use force against Taiwan[citation needed].

The political status of Taiwan remains controversial; the position of many advocates of Taiwan independence has been that since Taiwan has never been a part of the PRC and the governing institutions of the ROC function as an independent and sovereign state, there is therefore no need to formally declare Taiwan independent. However, opponents of Taiwan independence and supporters of Chinese reunification on Taiwan also see no point in a declaration of independence in that they argue that Taiwan is and should be part of a greater cultural entity known as China and a new proposed "Republic of Taiwan" would only bring about a change in name at the cost of an invasion of Taiwan, which it could not afford[citation needed].

See also

Notes

  1. ^ See the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 (1985 Rev. Ed.).
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