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Cambodia


Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea
Royaume du Cambodge Kingdom of Cambodia FlagRoyal Arms
Motto: 
"Nation, Religion, King" Anthem: "Nokoreach"
Capital
(and largest city) Phnom Penh
11°33′N, 104°55′E Official languages Khmer Demonym Cambodian Government Constitutional monarchy  -  King Norodom Sihamoni  -  Prime Minister Hun Sen Independence  -  from France November 9, 1953  Area  -  Total 181,035 km² (89th)
69,898 sq mi   -  Water (%) 2.5 Population  -  2007 estimate 13,995,904 (63rd)  -  1998 census 11,437,656   -  Density 78/km² (112th)
201/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2006 estimate  -  Total $36.82 billion (89th)  -  Per capita $2,600 (133rd) HDI (2007) ▲ 0.598 (medium) (131st) Currency Riel (៛)1 (KHR) Time zone (UTC+7)  -  Summer (DST)  (UTC+7) Internet TLD .kh Calling code +855 1 Local currency, although US dollars are widely used. For the Kim Wilde song, see Cambodia (song).

The Kingdom of Cambodia (pronounced /kæmˈboʊdɪə/, formerly known as Kampuchea (/kampuˈtɕiːə/), , transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 13 million people. Cambodia is the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries.

A citizen of Cambodia is usually identified as "Cambodian" or "Khmer," though the latter strictly refers to ethnic Khmers. Most Cambodians are Theravada Buddhists of Khmer extraction, but the country also has a substantial number of predominantly Muslim Cham, as well as ethnic Chinese, Vietnamese and small animist hill tribes.

The country borders Thailand to its west and northwest, Laos to its northeast, and Vietnam to its east and southeast. In the south it faces the Gulf of Thailand. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by the Mekong river (colloquial Khmer: Tonle Thom or "the great river") and the Tonlé Sap ("the fresh water lake"), an important source of fish.

Cambodia's main industries are garments, tourism, and construction. In 2007, foreign visitors to Angkor Wat alone almost hit the 4 million mark.[1] In 2005, oil and natural gas deposits were found beneath Cambodia's territorial water, and once commercial extraction begins in 2011, the oil revenues could profoundly affect Cambodia's economy.[2]

Contents

History

Main article: History of Cambodia
A Khmer army going to war against the Cham, from a relief on the Bayon

The first advanced civilizations in present-day Cambodia appeared in the 1st millennium AD. During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the Indianised states of Funan and Chenla coalesced in what is now present-day Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. These states, which are assumed by most scholars to have been Khmer,[3] had close relations with China and India.[4] Their collapse was followed by the rise of the Khmer Empire, a civilization which flourished in the area from the 9th century to the 13th century.

South East Asia around the 1200s

The Khmer Empire declined yet remained powerful in the region until the 15th century. The empire's center of power was Angkor, where a series of capitals was constructed during the empire's zenith. Angkor Wat, the most famous and best-preserved religious temple at the site, is a reminder of Cambodia's past as a major regional power.

After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the Thai and abandoned in 1432.[5] The court moved the capital to Lovek where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The attempt was short-lived, however, as continued wars with the Thai and Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and the conquering of Lovek in 1594. During the next three centuries, The Khmer kingdom alternated as a vassal state of the Thai and Vietnamese kings, with short-lived periods of relative independence between.

In 1863 King Norodom, who had been installed by Thailand,[6] sought the protection of France. In 1867, the Thai king signed a treaty with France, renouncing suzerainty over Cambodia in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. The provinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Thailand in 1906.

Cambodia continued as a protectorate of France from 1863 to 1953, administered as part of the French colony of Indochina. After war-time occupation by the Japanese empire from 1941 to 1945, Cambodia gained independence from France on November 9, 1953. It became a constitutional monarchy under King Norodom Sihanouk.

In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father in order to be elected Prime Minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of Prince. As the Vietnam War progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of neutrality until ousted in 1970 by a military coup led by Prime Minister General Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak, while on a trip abroad. From Beijing, Sihanouk realigned himself with the communist Khmer Rouge rebels who had been slowly gaining territory in the remote mountain regions and urged his followers to help in overthrowing the pro-United States government of Lon Nol, hastening the onset of civil war.[7]

Operation Menu, a series of secret B-52 bombing raids by the United States on alleged Viet Cong bases and supply routes inside Cambodia, was acknowledged after Lon Nol assumed power; U.S. forces briefly invaded Cambodia in a further effort to disrupt the Viet Cong. The bombing continued and, as the Cambodian communists began gaining ground, eventually included strikes on suspected Khmer Rouge sites until halted in 1973.[8]

Some two million Cambodians were made refugees by the bombing and fighting and fled to Phnom Penh. Estimates of the number of Cambodians killed during the bombing campaigns vary widely. Views of the effects of the bombing also vary widely. The US Seventh Air Force argued that the bombing prevented the fall of Phnom Penh in 1973 by killing 16,000 of 25,500 Khmer Rouge fighters besieging the city.[9]Journalist William Shawcross and Cambodia specialists Milton Osborne, David P. Chandler and Ben Kiernan argued that the bombing drove peasants to join the Khmer Rouge. Chandler writes that the bombing provided "the psychological ingredients of a violent, vengeful and unrelenting social revolution."[10]Cambodia specialist Craig Etcheson argued that it is "untenable" to assert that the Khmer Rouge would not have won but for US intervention, and that while the bombing did help Khmer Rouge recruitment, they "would have won anyway."[11] As the war ended, a draft US AID report observed that the country faced famine in 1975, with 75% of its draft animals destroyed by the war, and that rice planting for the next harvest would have to be done "by the hard labor of seriously malnourished people." The report predicted that

without large-scale external food and equipment assistance there will be widespread starvation between now and next February... Slave labor and starvation rations for half the nation's people (probably heaviest among those who supported the republic) will be a cruel necessity for this year, and general deprivation and suffering will stretch over the next two or three years before Cambodia can get back to rice self-sufficiency.[12]

The Khmer Rouge reached Phnom Penh and took power in 1975, changing the official name of the country to Democratic Kampuchea, led by Pol Pot. They immediately evacuated the cities and sent the entire population on forced marches to rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century. They also discarded Western medicine, with the result that while hundreds of thousands died from starvation and disease there were almost no drugs in the country.[13]

Bones of children executed at the Killing Fields

Estimates vary as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime, ranging from approximately one to three million.[14][15] Hundreds of thousands more fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand.

In November 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia to stop Khmer Rouge incursions across the border and the genocide of Vietnamese in Cambodia.[16] Violent occupation and warfare between the Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge holdouts continued throughout the 1980s. Peace efforts began in Paris in 1989, culminating two years later in October 1991 in a comprehensive peace settlement. The United Nations was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire, and deal with refugees and disarmament.[17]

After the brutality of the 1970s and the 1980s, and the destruction of the cultural, economic, social and political life of Cambodia, it is only in recent years that reconstruction efforts have begun and some political stability has finally returned to Cambodia. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 during a coup d'état,[18] but has otherwise remained in place. Cambodia has been aided by a number of more developed nations like Japan, France, Canada, Australia and the United States, primarily economically. Money raised in schools and community groups in these countries has gone towards the rebuilding of infrastructure and housing.

Politics and government

Main article: Politics of Cambodia
Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia

The politics of Cambodia formally take place, according to the nation's constitution of 1993, in the framework of a constitutional monarchy operated as a parliamentary representative democracy. The Prime Minister of Cambodia is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system, while the king is the head of state. The Prime Minister is appointed by the King, on the advice and with the approval of the National Assembly; the Prime Minister and his or her ministerial appointees exercise executive power in government. Legislative power is vested in both the executive and the two chambers of parliament, the National Assembly of Cambodia and the Senate.

King Norodom Sihamoni of Cambodia

On October 14, 2004, King Norodom Sihamoni was selected by a special nine-member throne council, part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the surprise abdication of King Norodom Sihanouk a week before. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen and National Assembly Speaker Prince Norodom Ranariddh (the new king's brother), both members of the throne council. He was crowned in Phnom Penh on October 29. The monarchy is symbolic and does not exercise political power. Norodom Sihamoni was trained in Cambodian classical dance. Due to his long stay in the Czech Republic (then part of Czechoslovakia) Norodom Sihamoni is fluent in the Czech language.

In 2006, Transparency International's rating of corrupt countries rated Cambodia as 151st of 163 countries of their Corruption Perceptions Index. [19] . The 2007 edition of the same list placed Cambodia at 162nd out of 179 countries [20]. According to this same list, Cambodia is the 3rd most corrupt nation in the South-East Asia area, behind Laos, at 168th, and Myanmar, at joint 179th. The BBC reports that corruption is rampant in the Cambodian political arena[21] with international aid from the U.S. and other countries being illegally transferred into private accounts.[22] Corruption has also added to the wide income disparity within the population.[23]

Military

Main article: Royal Cambodian Armed Forces

The king is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF) and the country's prime minister effectively holds the position of commander-in-chief. The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganization of the RCAF. This saw the ministry of national defense form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defense services. The High Command Headquarters (HCHQ) was left unchanged, but the general staff was dismantled and the former will assume responsibility over three autonomous infantry divisions. A joint staff was also formed, responsible for inter-service co-ordination and staff management within HCHQ.

The minister of National Defense is Tea Banh. Tea Banh has served as defense minister since 1979. The Secretaries of State for Defense are Chay Saing Yun and Por Bun Sreu.

Ke Kim Yan is the current commander of the RCAF. The Army Commander is Meas Sophea and the Army Chief of Staff is Chea Saran.

Geography

Yak Loum lake in Ratanakiri Province
Main article: Geography of Cambodia

Cambodia has an area of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), sharing an 800 kilometre (500 mi) border with Thailand in the north and west, a 541 kilometre (336 mi) border with Laos in the northeast, and a 1,228 kilometre (763 mi) border with Vietnam in the east and southeast. It has 443 kilometres (275 mi) of coastline along the Gulf of Thailand.

A boat on the Tonle Sap

The most distinctive geographical feature is the lacustrine plain, formed by the inundations of the Tonle Sap (Great Lake), measuring about 2,590 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) during the dry season and expanding to about 24,605 square kilometres (9,500 sq mi) during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Cambodia. Most (about 75%) of the country lies at elevations of less than 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level, the exceptions being the Cardamom Mountains (highest elevation 1,813 m / 5,948 ft) and their southeast extension the Dâmrei Mountains ("Elephant Mountains") (elevation range 500–1,000 m or 1,640–3,280 ft), as well the steep escarpment of the Dângrêk Mountains (average elevation 500 m / 1,640 ft) along the border with Thailand's Isan region. The highest elevation of Cambodia is Phnom Aoral, near Pursat in the centre of the country, at 1,813 metres (5,948 ft).

Climate

Climate chartfor Phnom Penh J F M A M J J A S O N D     7   31 21     10   32 22     40   34 23     77   35 24     134   34 24     155   33 24     171   32 24     160   32 26     224   31 25     257   30 24     127   30 23     45   30 22 temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm
source: BBC WeatherImperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.3   88 70     0.4   90 72     1.6   93 73     3   95 75     5.3   93 75     6.1   91 75     6.7   90 75     6.3   90 79     8.8   88 77     10.1   86 75     5   86 73     1.8   86 72 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Cambodia's temperatures range from 10° to 38 °C (50° to 100 °F) and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Thailand and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to March. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.

It has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to 22 °C and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can raise up to 40 °C around April. The best months to visit Cambodia are November to January when temperatures and humidity are lower.

Monsoon season in Kampong Speu Province Serendipity Bay, Sihanoukville
Main article: Law enforcement in Cambodia

City and province sizes

No. City or province Area km²sq mi1 City of Phnom Penh290 112 2 Kandal Province3,568 1,378 3 Takeo Province3,563 1,376 4 Kampong Cham Province9,799 3,783 5 Kampong Thom13,814 5,334 6 Siem Reap Province10,299 3,976 7 Preah Vihear Province13,788 5,324 8 Oddar Meancheay Province6,158 2,378 9 Banteay Meanchey Province6,679 2,579 10 Battambang Province11,072 4,275 11 City of Pailin803 310 12 Pursat Province12,692 4,900 13 Kampong Chhnang Province5,521 2,132 14 Kampong Speu Province7,017 2,709 15 Koh Kong Province11,160 4,309 16 City of Sihanoukville868 335 17 Kampot Province4,873.2 1,881.6 18 City of Kep335.8 129.7 19 Prey Veng Province4,883 1,885 20 Svay Rieng Province2,966 1,145 21 Kratie Province11,094 4,283 22 Stung Treng Province11,092 4,283 23 Ratanakiri Province10,782 4,163 24 Mondulkiri Province14,288 5,517 25 Tonle Saplake 3,000 1,158 TOTAL AREA 181,035 69,898

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Cambodia

Cambodia is a member of the United Nations and its specialized agencies such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. It is an Asian Development Bank (ADB) member, a member of ASEAN, and joined the WTO on 13 October 2004. In 2005 Cambodia attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.

Cambodia has established diplomatic relations with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country[24] including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.[25]

While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 80s have passed, several border disputes between Cambodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam, and undefined maritime boundaries and border areas with Thailand.

In January 2003, there were riots in Phnom Penh prompted by rumored comments about Angkor Wat by a Thai actress wrongly attributed by Reaksmei Angkor, a Cambodian newspaper, and later quoted by Prime Minister Hun Sen.[26] The Thai government sent military aircraft to evacuate Thai nationals and closed its border with Cambodia to Thais and Cambodians (at no time was the border ever closed to foreigners or Western tourists) while Thais demonstrated outside the Cambodian embassy in Bangkok. The border was re-opened on March 21, after the Cambodian government paid $6 million USD in compensation for the destruction of the Thai embassy and agreed to compensate individual Thai businesses for their losses.

Wildlife of Cambodia

Indochinese Tiger
Main article: Wildlife of Cambodia
See also: Deforestation in Cambodia

Cambodia has a wide variety of plants and animals. There are 212 mammal species, 536 bird species, 240 reptile species, 850 freshwater fish species (Tonle Sap Lake area), and 435 marine fish species.

The country has one of the highest deforestation rates in the world. Since 1970, Cambodia's primary rainforest cover fell dramatically from over 70 percent in 1970 to just 3.1 percent in 2007. In total, Cambodia lost 25,000 square kilometres (9,700 sq mi) of forest between 1990 and 2005—3,340 km² (1,290 sq mi) of which was primary forest. As of 2007, less than 3,220 km² (1,243 sq mi) of primary forest remain with the result that the future sustainability of the forest reserves of Cambodia is under severe threat, with illegal loggers looking to generate revenue.[27]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Cambodia
Rice cropping plays an important role in the economy

Final economic indicators for 2007 are not yet available. 2006 GDP was $7.265 billion (per capita GDP $513), with annual growth of 10.8%. Estimates for 2007 are for a GDP of $8.251 billion (per capita $571) and annual growth of 8.5%). Inflation for 2006 was 2.6%, and the current estimate for final 2007 inflation is 6.2%.[28]

Per capita income is rapidly increasing, but is low compared with other countries in the region. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. Rice, fish, timber, garments and rubber are Cambodia's major exports. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Cambodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines (Jahn 2006,2007). These varieties had been collected in the 1960s. In 1987, the Australian government funded IRRI to assist Cambodia to improve its rice production. By 2000, Cambodia was once again self-sufficient in rice (Puckridge 2004, Fredenburg and Hill 1978).

Angkor Wat, the biggest tourist draw of Cambodia

The recovery of Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997–98, due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism also fell off drastically. Since then however, growth has been steady. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 5.0%. Despite severe flooding, GDP grew at 5.0% in 2000, 6.3% in 2001, and 5.2% in 2002. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to 1,055,000 in 2004. During 2003 and 2004 the growth rate remained steady at 5.0%, while in 2004 inflation was at 1.7% and exports at $1.6 billion US dollars. As of 2005, GDP per capita in PPP terms was $2,200, which ranked 178th (out of 233) countries.[29]

The older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 m to the country in 2004,[30] while the Asian Development Bank alone has provided $850m in loans, grants, and technical assistance.[31]

The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of hard currency after the textile industry.[17] 50% of visitor arrivals are to Angkor, and most of the remainder to Phnom Penh.[32] Other tourist destinations include Sihanoukville in the southeast which has several popular beaches, and the nearby area around Kampot including the Bokor Hill Station.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Cambodia

More than 90% of its population is of Khmer origin and speaks the Khmer language, the country's official language. The remainder include Chinese, Vietnamese, Cham, Khmer Loeu and Indians.

The Khmer language is a member of the Mon-Khmer subfamily of the Austroasiatic language group. French, once the lingua franca of Indochina and still spoken by some, mostly older Cambodians as a second language, remains the language of instruction in various schools and universities that are often funded by the government of France. Cambodian French, a remnant of the country's colonial past, is a dialect found in Cambodia and is frequently used in government. However, in recent decades, many younger Cambodians and those in the business-class have favoured learning English. In the major cities and tourist centers, English is widely spoken and taught at a large number of schools due to the overwhelming number of tourists from English-speaking countries. Even in the most rural outposts, however, most young people speak at least some English, as it is often taught by monks at the local pagodas where many children are educated.

Local women at a market in Battambang Cambodia religiosity religion percent Buddhism    95% Islam    3% Christianity    2%


The dominant religion, a form of Theravada Buddhism (95%), was suppressed by the Khmer Rouge but has since experienced a revival. Islam (3%) and Christianity (2%) are also practiced.[33]

Civil war and its aftermath have had a marked effect on the Cambodian population. The median age is 20.6 years, with more than 50% of the population younger than 25. At 0.95 males/female, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion [3]. In the Cambodian population over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.[30] UNICEF has designated Cambodia the third most mined country in the world,[34] attributing over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970 to the unexploded land mines left behind in rural areas.[35] The majority of the victims are children herding animals or playing in the fields.[34] Adults that survive landmines often require amputation of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.[35] In 2006, the number of landmines casualties in Cambodia took a sharp decrease of more than 50% compared to 2005, with the number of landmines victims down from 800 in 2005 to less than 400 in 2006. The reduced casualty rate continued in 2007, with 208 casualties (38 killed and 170 injured).[36]"

Culture and society

Main articles: Culture of Cambodia and Sport in Cambodia

Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the Khmer empire, has distinctive styles of dance, architecture and sculpture, which have strongly influenced neighbouring Laos and Thailand. Angkor Wat (Angkor means "city" and Wat "temple") is the best preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era and hundreds of other temples have been discovered in and around the region. The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, the infamous prison of the Khmer Rouge, and Choeung Ek, one of the main Killing Fields are other important historic sites.

Bonn Om Teuk (Festival of Boat Racing), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Cambodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong river begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the Tonle Sap River to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Cambodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.[37] Popular games include cockfighting, soccer, and kicking a sey, which is similar to a footbag. Recent artistic figures include singers Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Sereysothea (and later Meng Keo Pichenda), who introduced new musical styles to the country.

Rice, as in other Southeast Asian countries, is the staple grain, while fish from the Mekong and Tonle Sap also form an important part of the diet. The Cambodian per capita supply of fish and fish products for food and trade in 2000 was 20 kilograms of fish per year or 2 ounces per day per person.[38] Some of the fish can be made into prahok for longer storage. Overall, the cuisine of Cambodia is similar to that of its Southeast Asian neighbours. The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.

Football is one of the more popular sports, although professional organized sports are not as prevalent in Cambodia as in western countries due to the economic conditions. The Cambodia national football team managed fourth in the 1972 Asian Cup but development has slowed since the civil war. Western sports such as volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity while traditional boat racing maintains its appeal as a national sport. Martial arts is practiced in Cambodia, as well the native art of Pradal Serey and Bokator.

Transport

National Highway 1
Main article: Transport in Cambodia

The civil war severely damaged Cambodia's transport system, but with assistance and equipment from other countries Cambodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved. Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about 612 kilometers (380 mi) of single, one meter gauge track.[39] The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast, and from Phnom Penh to Sisophon (although trains often run only as far as Battambang). Currently only one passenger train per week operates, between Phnom Penh and Battambang.

The nation's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The Mekong and the Tonle Sap River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including 3,700 kilometers (2,300 mi) navigable all year by craft drawing 0.6 meters (2 ft) and another 282 kilometers (175 mi) navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters (6 ft).[39] Cambodia has two major ports, Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, and five minor ones. Phnom Penh, located at the junction of the Bassac, the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap rivers, is the only river port capable of receiving 8,000-ton ships during the wet season and 5,000-ton ships during the dry season.

With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile and motorcycle use, though bicycles still predominate; as often in developing countries, an associated rise in traffic deaths and injuries is occurring.[40] Cycle rickshaws ("pʰʊt-pʰʊts") are an additional option often used by visitors.

The country has four commercial airports. Phnom Penh International Airport in Phnom Penh is the second largest in Cambodia. Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport is the largest and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. The other airports are in Sihanoukville and Battambang.

International rankings

Organization Heritage FoundationIndex of Economic Freedom100 out of 157 Reporters Without BordersWorldwide Press Freedom Index85 out of 169 Transparency InternationalCorruption Perceptions Index162 out of 179 United Nations Development ProgrammeHuman Development Index131 out of 177 World Economic ForumGlobal Competitiveness Report110 out of 131 Nation MasterTerrorist Acts 2000-2006 Incidences (most recent) by country ,112 being the least reports of Terrorist Acts42 out of 112

See also

v • d • eTopics related to CambodiaHistoryEarly history of Cambodia, Dark ages of Cambodia, Colonial Cambodia, Cambodia under Sihanouk (1954-1970), Cambodian Civil War, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, Modern Cambodia, Timeline of Cambodian history, UNTACGeographyTonlé Sap LakeGovernmentKing, Prime MinisterPoliticsElections, List of political parties in Cambodia(Cambodian People's Party, FUNCINPEC, Sam Rainsy Party) EconomyRiel, ANZ Royal Bank, Canadia BankDemographicsKhmer language, List of ethnic groups in CambodiaCultureArchitecture · Art · Cinema · Clothing · Cuisine · Dance · Ethnic groups · Holidays · Music · Religion · SportOther Communications, Human rights, Military, Scouting, Transportation, Deforestation

References

  1. ^ San Miguel eyes projects in Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar
  2. ^ [1][dead link]
  3. ^ Country-Studies.com. Country Studies Handbook; information taken from US Dept of the Army. Accessed July 25, 2006.
  4. ^ Britannica.com. History of Cambodia. Accessed July 25, 2006.
  5. ^ Chandler, David P. "The Land and the People of Cambodia". 1991. HarperCollins. New York, NY. p 77
  6. ^ Chandler, D.P. (1993). A history of Cambodia (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 
  7. ^ Sihanouk, Norodom (1973). My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett. Pantheon Books. 
  8. ^ Shawcross, William (1987). Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the destruction of Cambodia. United States: Touchstone. 
  9. ^ Ibid., p. 298.
  10. ^ Pacific Affairs, vol. 56, no. 2, Summer 1983, p. 295.
  11. ^ Etcheson, Craig, The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea, Westview Press, 1984, p. 97
  12. ^ Shawcross, William, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia, Touchstone, 1987, pp374-375
  13. ^ Ibid.
  14. ^ Shawcross, William, The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust and Modern Conscience, Touchstone, 1985, pp. 115-116.
  15. ^ Vickery, Michael, Correspondence, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 20, no. 1, January-March 1988, p. 73.
  16. ^ CambodianGenocide.org.A Brief History of the Cambodian Genocide. Accessed July 25, 2006.
  17. ^ a b US Department of State. Country Profile of Cambodia. Accessed July 26, 2006.
  18. ^ UN OHCHR Cambodia [2]PDF (10.3 KiB)
  19. ^ http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2006
  20. ^ http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007
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  22. ^ Reuters AlertNet (May 29, 2006). World Bank threatens $64 mln Cambodia aid freeze. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  23. ^ BBC News (29 May 2006). 'Corruption' curbs Cambodia cash. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  24. ^ Royal Government of Cambodia.Foreign Embassies.
  25. ^ Catharin E. Dalpino and David G. Timberman. "Cambodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy," Asia Society, March 26, 1998.
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  27. ^ Planet Ark : Logging threatens Cambodian tragedy - UN
  28. ^ Economic Institute of Cambodia.
  29. ^ CIA Factbook. GDP per Capita rankings. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  30. ^ a b CIA FactBook. Accessed September 9, 2006.
  31. ^ A Fact Sheet: Cambodia and ADB, Asian Development Bank. Accessed September 9, 2006.
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  33. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labour of the US Department of State. International Religious Freedom Report 2005. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  34. ^ a b UNICEF. "The Legacy of Landmines". Accessed July 25, 2006.
  35. ^ a b PBS.org (July 25, 2003). Cambodia Land Mines. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  36. ^ Cambodia, Landmine Monitor Report 2007
  37. ^ Government of Cambodia Webpage, Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals; accessed July 24, 2006
  38. ^ Earthtrends.org Cambodia Country ProfilePDF
  39. ^ a b CountryData.com
  40. ^ "Picking Up Speed: As Cambodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road Death Toll," The Cambodia Daily, Saturday, March 9–10, 2002."

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  Geographic locale v • d • eCountries of Asia

Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma · Cambodia · China, People's Republic of · China, Republic of (Taiwan)2 · Cyprus · Egypt3 · Georgia1 · India · Indonesia4 · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan1 · Korea, Democratic People's Republic of · Korea, Republic of · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia1 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Timor-Leste (East Timor)4 · Turkey1 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen3

For dependent and other territories, see Dependent territory.

1 Partly or significantly in Europe.  2 The Republic of China (Taiwan) is not officially recognized by the United Nations; see Political status of Taiwan.
3 Partly or significantly in Africa.  4 Partly or wholly reckoned in Oceania.

v • d • eCountriesand other territories in Southeast Asia   

Sovereign states
 Brunei
 Burma
 Cambodia
 East Timor
 Indonesia
 Laos


 Malaysia
 Philippines
 Singapore
 Thailand
 Vietnam

Dependencies
 Christmas Island  (Australia)
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands  (Australia)

Divisions of sovereign states
 Andaman and Nicobar Islands  (India)
 Hainan Island  (PRC/
Claimed by the ROC)

Disputed territories
Islands in the Naf River (Bangladesh, Burma)  · Macclesfield Bank (Philippines, PRC, ROC) · Paracel Islands (PRC, ROC, Vietnam) · Pratas Islands (PRC, ROC) · Sabah (Malaysia, Philippines) · Scarborough Shoal (Philippines, PRC, ROC) · Spratly Islands (Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines, PRC, ROC, Vietnam) · Active separatist or autonomist movements
Aceh · Maluku Islands · West Papua · Chinland · Sulawesi · Nagaland · Wa State · Zogam · Bangsamoro · Patani

  International membership and relationships v • d • eCambodia's international relationships Geographical and geopolitical Asia · Southeast AsiaInternational membership United Nations · World Trade Organization · Asian Development Bank · Non-Aligned Movement · Group of 77
v • d • eAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations   

 Brunei
 Malaysia

 Burma
 Philippines

 Cambodia
 Singapore

 Thailand
 Indonesia

 Laos
 Vietnam

Observers:  Papua New Guinea  Timor-Leste v • d • eMember states of the East Asia Summit (EAS)   

 Australia
 Brunei
Burma
 Cambodia

 India
 Indonesia
 Japan
 Laos

 Malaysia
 New Zealand
 People's Republic of China
 Philippines

 Singapore
 South Korea
 Thailand
 Vietnam

Potential future members       Timor-Leste    Russia v • d • eMember states and observers of La FrancophonieMembers Albania · Andorra · Belgium(French Community) · Benin · Bulgaria · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cambodia · Cameroon · Canada(New Brunswick · Quebec) · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Cyprus1 · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Dominica · Egypt · Equatorial Guinea · French minority in U.S.state of Louisiana · Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia · France(including French Guiana · Guadeloupe · Martinique · Saint Pierre and Miquelon) · Gabon · Ghana1 · Greece · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Laos · Luxembourg · Lebanon · Madagascar · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Moldova · Monaco · Morocco · Niger · Romania · Rwanda · St. Lucia · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Switzerland · Togo · Tunisia · Vanuatu · VietnamObservers

Armenia · Austria · Chile  · Croatia · Czech Republic · Georgia · Hungary · Lithuania · Mozambique · Poland · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Ukraine

1 Associate member.    
v • d • eAustronesian-speakingcountries and territoriesFormosanTaiwanMalayo-PolynesianAmerican Samoa • Brunei • Burma • Cambodia • Christmas Island • Cocos (Keeling) Islands • Cook Islands • Easter Island • East Timor • Fiji • French Polynesia • Guam • Hainan • Hawaii • Indonesia • Kiribati • Madagascar • Malaysia • Marshall Islands • FS Micronesia • Nauru • New Caledonia • New Zealand • Niue • Northern Mariana Islands • Orchid Island • Palau • Papua New Guinea • Patani • Philippines • Samoa • Singapore • Solomon Islands • Suriname • Tokelau • Tonga • Tuvalu • Vanuatu • Vietnam • Wallis and Futuna
v • d • eMonarchiesAbsolute monarchiesBrunei · Oman · Saudi Arabia · Swaziland · VaticanConstitutional
monarchiesAntigua and Barbudac · Australiac · Andorra · Bahamasc · Bahrain · Barbadosc · Belizec · Belgium · Bhutan · Cambodia · Canadac · Denmark · Grenadac · Jamaicac · Japanj · Jordan · Kuwait · Liechtenstein · Lesotho · Luxembourg · Malaysia · Monaco · Morocco · Netherlands · New Zealandc · Norway · Papua New Guineac · Qatarq · Spain · Saint Kitts and Nevisc · Saint Luciac · Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesc · Solomon Islandsc · Sweden · Thailand · Tonga · Tuvaluc · United Arab Emiratesu · United Kingdomc Elective monarchiesAndorra · Cambodia · Kuwait · Malaysia · Swaziland · United Arab Emiratesu · VaticanSubnational
monarchiesAlo(Wallis and Futuna) · Ankole(Uganda) · Ashanti(Ghana) · Buganda(Uganda) · Bunyoro(Uganda) · Busoga(Uganda) · Dagbon(Ghana) · Māori(New Zealand) · Sigave(Wallis and Futuna) · Tibet(People's Republic of China) · Toro(Uganda) · Uvea(Wallis and Futuna) · Yogyakarta(Indonesia) · Zululand(South Africa) (c) All 16 Commonwealth realmsshare one monarch represented, except for the U.K., by a Governor-General · (j) Monarch debatable as being true Head of State. · (q) Technically a constitutional monarchy but displays effective properties of an absolute monarchy. (u) Uses the non-monarchical title President.
Categories: Southeast Asian countries | Cambodia | ASEAN members | Member states of La Francophonie | Kambojas | Constitutional monarchies | Least Developed CountriesHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links since March 2008 | Featured articles

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