Bonus Army

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Bonus Army Conflict
Shacks, put up by the Bonus Army on the Anacostia flats, Washington, DC, burning after the battle with the military, 1932. Date 17 June 1932Location Washington D.C., United States of AmericaResult Bonus Army dispersed, demands rejected

Belligerents Bonus Army United States Army Commanders Walter W. Waters Herbert Hoover
Douglas MacArthur
Dwight D. Eisenhower
George S. Patton Strength 17,000 2 regiments Casualties and losses Refer to Assault
{4 dead; 1,017 injured} At least 12 police injured

The Bonus Army or Bonus March or Bonus Expeditionary Force was an assemblage of about 17,000 World War I veterans, accompanied by their families and other affiliated groups, who demonstrated in Washington, DC, during the spring and summer of 1932. The marchers were seeking immediate cash payment of Service Certificates granted eight years previously by the Adjusted Service Certificate Law of 1924. Each Service Certificate issued to a qualified soldier bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment plus interest. The sticking point was that the certificates, similar to bonds, were set to mature a full 20 years from the date of their original issue. Thus, under existing law, the certificates could not be redeemed until 1945.

The Bonus Army veterans were led by Walter W. Waters, a former Army sergeant, and were encouraged in their demand for immediate monetary payment by an appearance from retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, one of the most popular military figures of the time.

1 Arrival in Washington
2 Intervention of the military
3 Aftermath
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links

Arrival in Washington

The Bonus Army massed at the United States Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Patman Bonus Bill, which would have moved forward the date when World War I veterans received a cash bonus. Most of the Bonus Army camped in a Hooverville on the Anacostia Flats, then a swampy, muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington. The protesters had hoped that they could convince Congress to make payments that would be granted to veterans immediately, which would have provided relief for the marchers who were unemployed due to the Depression. The bill had passed the House of Representatives on June 15 but was blocked in the Senate.

Intervention of the military

The marchers were cleared and their camps were destroyed by the 12th Infantry Regiment from Fort Howard, Maryland, and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment under the command of Major George S. Patton from Fort Myer, Virginia, under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur. Dwight D. Eisenhower, as a member of MacArthur's staff, had strong reservations about the operation.

The Posse Comitatus Act, prohibiting the U.S. military from being used for general law enforcement purposes in most instances, did not apply to Washington, D.C. because it is a jurisdiction under the direct governance of the U.S. Congress (United States Constitution, Article I. Section 8. Clause 17).

Troops carrying rifles with fixed bayonets and equipped with adamsite gas "candles" were sent into the Bonus Army's camps. President Hoover did not want the army to march across the Anacostia River into the protesters' largest encampment, but Douglas MacArthur felt this was a communist attempt to overthrow the government. Hundreds of veterans were injured, several were killed, including William Hushka and Eric Carlson; a wife of a veteran miscarried, and other casualties were inflicted. The visual image of U.S. armed soldiers confronting poor veterans of the recent Great War set the stage for veteran relief and eventually the Veterans Administration.

By the end of the rout:

Two veterans were shot and killed.
Two infants died from adamsite gas asphyxiation.
An 11 week old baby was in critical condition resulting from shock due to gas exposure.
An 11 year old boy, David Barscheski was partially blinded by gas.
One bystander was shot in the shoulder.
One veteran, Christopher Bilger, had his ear severed by a Cavalry saber.
One veteran was stabbed in the hip with a bayonet.
At least twelve police were injured by the veterans.
Over 1,000 men, women, and children were exposed to adamsite gas, including police, reporters, residents of Washington D.C., and ambulance drivers.

Aftermath

Franklin D. Roosevelt did not want to pay the bonus early, either, but handled the veterans with more skill when they marched on Washington again the next year. He sent his wife Eleanor to chat with the vets and pour coffee with them, and she persuaded many of them to sign up for jobs making a roadway to the Florida Keys, which was to become the Overseas Highway, the southernmost portion of U.S. Route 1. On September 2, the disastrous Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 killed 258 veterans working on the Highway. After seeing more newsreels of veterans giving their lives for a government that had taken them for granted, public sentiment built up so much that Congress could no longer afford to ignore it in an election year (1936). Roosevelt's veto was overridden, making the bonus a reality.

Perhaps the Bonus Army's greatest accomplishment was the piece of legislation known as the G. I. Bill of Rights[citation needed]. Passed in July, 1944, it immensely helped veterans from the Second World War to secure needed assistance from the federal government to help them fit back into civilian life, something the World War I veterans of the Bonus Army had not received. The Bonus Army's activities can also be seen as a template for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, and popular political demonstrations and activism that took place in the U.S. later in the 20th century.

References

Archer, Jules (1963). Front-Line General: Douglas MacArthur. Julian Messner, Inc.. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 63-16791.
Archer, Jules (1973). The Plot to Seize the White House. Hawthorn Books, Inc.. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 76-39261.
Burner, David (1979). Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-46134-7.
James, D. Clayton (1970). The Years of MacArthur, Volume I, 1880-1941. Houghton Mifflin Company. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 76-108685.
Ross, John (1996). Unintended Consequences. Accurate Press. ISBN 1-888118-04-0.
Smith, Richard Norton (1984). An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-46034-X.