Battle of Palmito Ranch

Battle of Palmito Ranch Part of the American Civil WarDate May 12– May 13, 1865Location Cameron County, TexasResult Confederatevictory

Belligerents United States (Union) CSA (Confederacy) Commanders Theodore H. Barrett John "Rip" Ford Strength Detachments from the:
62nd U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment, 2nd Texas Cavalry Regiment, 34th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Detachments from:
Gidding's Regiment, Anderson's Battalion of Cavalry, and other Confederate units and Southern sympathizers Casualties and losses 118 killed and wounded few dozen wounded v • d • eExpedition from Brazos Santiago Palmito Ranch

The Battle of Palmito Ranch, also known as the Battle of Palmito Hill and the Battle of Palmeto Ranch, was fought on May 12 – May 13, 1865, during the American Civil War. In the kaleidoscope of events following the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army on April 9, Palmito Ranch was nearly ignored. It was the last major clash of arms in the war.

Background

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Early in 1865, both sides in Texas made a gentlemen's agreement that there was no point to further hostilities. By that time, most Union troops had pulled out from Texas for campaigns in the east. The Confederates sought to protect their remaining ports for cotton sales to Europe, as well as importation of supplies. Mexicans tended to side with the Confederates due to a lucrative smuggling trade.

Why the needless battle even happened remains something of a mystery — perhaps Union Col. Theodore H. Barrett had political aspirations. Neither local exports of cotton nor Mexican smuggling had a significant effect on the war.[citation needed]

Barrett certainly had very little military experience. It has since been suggested that he had seen little to no combat during the war, and felt to bolster his political desires after the war, he needed to establish a reputation as a war hero, possibly reasoning that most of the opposing candidates he would likely later face during an election would most likely be former military men.[citation needed]

Battle

Barrett instructed Lt. Col. David Branson to attack the rebel encampment at Brazos Santiago Depot near Fort Brown outside Brownsville, commanded by Confederate Major John "Rip" Ford.

Union forces marched upriver from Brazos Santiago to attack the Confederate encampment, and were at first successful, due to the Confederates being under the understanding that hostilities had ceased. However, after some confusion and bitter fighting, the Union forces were then driven back by a relief Confederate force. The next day, the Union forces attacked again, and again to initial success and later failure. Ultimately, the Union force retreated to the coast.

There were 118 Union casualties. Confederate casualties were "a few dozen" wounded, none killed. Like the war's first big battle at First Bull Run, which also yielded little gain for either side, the battle is recorded as a Confederate victory.[citation needed] Texas armies formally surrendered on May 26, 1865; Confederate general Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered his forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2.

Private John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana Volunteer Infantry was the last man killed at the Battle at Palmito Ranch, and probably the last combat casualty of the war. Fighting in the battle were white, African, Hispanic and Native American troops. Reports of shots from the Mexican side are unverified, though many witnesses reported firing from the Mexican shore.