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Bahrain

For the historical region, see Bahrain (historical region). For the island, see Bahrain Island. مملكة البحرين
Mamlakat al-Bahrayn Kingdom of Bahrain FlagCoat of Arms
Anthem:  بحريننا
Bahrainona
Our Bahrain
Capital
(and largest city) Manama
26°13′N, 50°35′E Official languages Arabic[1] Demonym Bahraini Government Constitutional Monarchy  -  King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah  -  Prime Minister Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah Independence from United Kingdom[2][3]   -  Date 16 December 1971  Area  -  Total 665 km² (189th)
253 sq mi   -  Water (%) 0 Population  -  2007 estimate 1,046,814 1 (155th)  -  Density 1454/km² (7th)
2,556/sq mi GDP (PPP)  estimate  -  Total $19.75 billion (118th)  -  Per capita $23,604 (32nd) HDI (2007) ▲ 0.866 (high) (41st) Currency Bahraini dinar (BHD) Time zone (UTC+3) Internet TLD .bh Calling code +973 1 Includes 517,368 non-nationals (September 2007 estimate).

The Kingdom of Bahrain (in Arabic: مملكة البحرين ‎, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is a island country in the Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway (officially opened on November 25, 1986), and Qatar is to the south across the Gulf of Bahrain. The Qatar–Bahrain Friendship Bridge being planned will link Bahrain to Qatar as the longest fixed link in the world[4].

Contents

History

Main article: History of Bahrain
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For the historical region, see Bahrain (historical region).

Bahrain has been inhabited since ancient times. Its strategic location in the Persian Gulf has brought rule and influence from the Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Persians, and finally the Arabs, under whom the island became Muslim. Bahrain was in ancient times known as Dilmun, later under its Greek name Tylos[5], then as Awal, and then by the Persian name Mishmahig, when it was a part of the Persian Empire.

The islands of Bahrain, positioned in the middle south of the Persian Gulf, have attracted the attention of invaders throughout history. Bahrain is Arabic for "two seas", referring to the sweet water springs that can be found within the salty sea surrounding it[6]

A strategic position between East and West, fertile lands, fresh water, and pearl diving made Bahrain historically a center of urban settlement. Pearl diving was the main economy until cultured pearls were invented in early twentieth century and more when oil was discovered in 1930s. About 2300 BC, Bahrain became a centre of one of the ancient empires trading between Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and the Indus Valley (now in Pakistan and India). This was the civilization of Dilmun (sometimes transliterated Telmun) that was linked to the Sumerian Civilization in the third millennium BC. Bahrain became part of the Babylonian empire about 600 BC. Historical records referred to Bahrain with names such as the "Life of Eternity", "Paradise", and Eden. Bahrain was also called the "Pearl of the Persian Gulf". Bahrain has many trade partners". Until Bahrain adopted Islam in 629 AD, it was a centre for Nestorian Christianity[7]. Early Islamic sources describe it as being inhabited by members of the Abdul Qays, Tamim, and Bakr tribes, worshiping the idol "Awal". In 899, a millenarian Ismaili sect, the Qarmatians, seized hold of the country and sought to create a utopian society based on reason and the distribution of all property evenly among the initiates. The Qarmatians caused disruption throughout the Islamic world: they collected tribute from the caliph in Baghdad; and in 930 sacked Mecca and Medina, bringing the sacred Black Stone back to Bahrain where it was held to ransom. They were defeated in 976 by the Abbasids.[8] The final end of the Qarmatians came at the hand of the Arab Uyunid dynasty of al-Hasa, who took over the entire Bahrain region in 1076.[9] They controlled the Bahrain islands until 1235, when the islands were briefly occupied by the ruler of Fars. In 1253, the bedouin Usfurids brought down the Uyunid dynasty and gained control over eastern Arabia, including the islands of Bahrain. In 1330, the islands became tributary to the rulers of Hormuz,[10] though locally the islands were controlled by the Shi'ite Jarwanid dynasty of Qatif.[11]

Until the late Middle Ages, "Bahrain" referred to the larger historical region of Bahrain that included Ahsa, Qatif (both now within the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia) and the Awal (now the Bahrain) Islands. The region stretched from Basrah to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn "Bahrayn Province." The exact date at which the term "Bahrain" began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown.[12]

Bahrain World Trade Centre Sunset at King Fahd Causeway Bahrain World Trade Centre Bahrain Financial Harbor

In the mid-15th century, the islands came under the rule of the Jabrids, a bedouin dynasty that was also based in al-Ahsa and ruled most of eastern Arabia. The Portuguese invaded Bahrain in 1521 in alliance with Hormuz, seizing it from the Jabrid ruler Migrin ibn Zamil, who was killed in battle. Portuguese rule lasted for nearly 80 years, during which they depended mostly on Sunni Persian governors.[13]

The Portuguese were expelled from the islands in 1602 by Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty of Iran, who instituted Shi'ism as the official religion in Bahrain.[14] The Iranian rulers retained sovereignty over the islands, with some interruptions, for nearly two centuries. For most of that period, they resorted to governing Bahrain indirectly, either through Hormuz or through local Sunni Arab clans, such as the Huwala.[15][16][17] During this period, the islands suffered two serious invasions by the Ibadhis of Oman in 1717 and 1738.[18][19] In 1753, the Huwala clan of Al Madhkur invaded Bahrain on behalf of the Iranians, restoring direct Iranian rule.[20]

In 1783, an alliance of Sunni Arab clans from the Arabian coast, led by the Al Khalifa, invaded and took control of Bahrain from the Persians and their Huwala allies, establishing an independent emirate.[21][22][23][disputed] The Al Khalifa, however, had to weather a series of Omani invasions between 1799 and 1828.[24][25] It was under the Al Khalifa's rule, in 1845, that a section of the Dawasir tribe from southern Nejd settled in Bahrain.[26] The Al Khalifa at times extended their authority to the northern shores of Qatar and the fort of Dammam on the Arabian coast.

For more details on this topic, see 1783 Al Khalifa invasion of Bahrain.

After the Saudis conquered al-Hasa and Qatif in 1796, the Al Khalifa briefly became their tributaries.[27] When the Saudis re-established their power in the region in the 19th century, they attempted again to bring the emirate of Bahrain under their control, resulting in many battles and skirmishes between the two dynasties.[28] This, however, was opposed by the British, who by that time had become highly influential in the Gulf, viewing it as essential to their control of India.[29] Britain's policy in the Gulf at this time stipulated "uncompromising opposition" to the Saudis in Bahrain. In 1859, a British naval squadron was sent to protect the islands, and the British resident in the Persian Gulf notified the Saudi ruler Faisal ibn Turki Al Saud that it viewed Bahrain as an "independent emirate." In 1861, the British imposed a protection treaty on the emir of Bahrain, ending Saudi efforts to bring the islands under their sphere of influence.[30] The treaty was the culmination of a series of treaties with the British, beginning in 1820.[31] The country remained a British protectorate until 1971. The population of the island at the time was estimated to be around 70,000 persons.[32] In the early 1920s the islands were rocked by disturbances between the Dawasir and the Shi'ite Baharna of Bahrain. As a result, most of the Dawasir were compelled to leave Bahrain and settle on the Arabian mainland as subjects of Ibn Saud.[33]

Oil was discovered in 1932 and brought rapid modernization to Bahrain. Bahrain was the first place to find oil in the whole region. It also made relations with the United Kingdom closer, evidenced by the British moving more bases there. British influence would continue to grow as the country developed, culminating with the appointment of Charles Belgrave as an advisor[34]; Belgrave established modern education systems in Bahrain[35].

After World War II, increasing anti-British sentiment spread throughout the Arab World and in Bahrain led to riots. The riots focused on the Jewish community which counted among its members distinguished writers and singers, accountants, engineers and middle managers working for the Oil Company, textile merchants with business all over the peninsula [Jews were not allowed to settle permanently in Saudi Arabia], and free professionals. Following the events of 1947, most of the members of Bahrain's Jewish community abandoned their properties and evacuated to Bombay and later settled in Palestine (later Israel - Tel Aviv's Pardes Chana neighborhood) and the United Kingdom. As of 2007 there were 36 Jews remaining in the country. The issue of compensation was never settled.

In 1960, the United Kingdom put Bahrain's future to international arbitration and requested that the United Nations Secretary-General take on this responsibility. In 1970, Iran laid claim to Bahrain and the other Persian Gulf islands. However, in an agreement with the United Kingdom it agreed to "not pursue" its claims on Bahrain if its other claims were realized. The following plebiscite saw Bahrainis confirm their Arab identity and independence from Britain. Bahrain to this day remains a member of the Arab League and Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf.

The British withdrew from Bahrain on December 16, 1971, making Bahrain an independent emirate[36]. The oil boom of the 1970s greatly benefited Bahrain, but its downturn was felt badly. However, the country had already begun to diversify its economy, and had benefited from the Lebanese civil war that began in the 1970s; Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub as Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war[37].

Bahrain Royal Flight Boeing 747SP

After the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, Bahraini Shī'a fundamentalists in 1981 orchestrated a failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organization, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. The coup would have installed a Shī'a cleric exiled in Iran, Hujjatu l-Islām Hādī al-Mudarrisī, as supreme leader heading a theocratic government. [38]

In 1994, a wave of rioting by disaffected Shīa Islamists was sparked by women's participation in a sporting event. The Kingdom was badly affected by sporadic violence during the mid-1990s in which over forty people were killed in violence between the government and cleric-led opposition[39].

Manama, the capital of Bahrain

In March 1999, King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah succeeded his father as head of state and instituted elections for parliament, gave women the right to vote, and released all political prisoners. These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing an "historic period of human rights."[40] The country was declared a kingdom in 2002. It formerly was considered a State and officially called a "Kingdom."

Politics

Bahrain

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Main article: Politics of Bahrain
See also: Bahraini parliamentary election, 2006 and Human rights in Bahrain

Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy headed by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa; the head of government is the Prime Minister, Shaikh Khalīfa bin Salman al Khalifa, who presides over a cabinet of twenty-three members [41]. Bahrain has a bicameral legislature with a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, elected by universal suffrage and the upper house, the Shura Council, appointed by the king. Both houses have forty members. The inaugural elections were held in 2002, with parliamentarians serving four year terms; the first round of voting in the 2006 parliamentary election took place on 25 November 2006, and second round run-offs were decided on 2 December 2006[42]. The opening up of politics has seen big gains for both Shīa and Sunnī Islamists in elections, which has given them a parliamentary platform to pursue their policies. This has meant that what are termed "morality issues" have moved further up the political agenda with parties launching campaigns to impose bans on female mannequins displaying lingerie in shop windows[43], sorcery, and the hanging of underwear on washing lines[44], as well as change the building by laws to fit one-way glass to houses to prevent residents being able to see out[45]. Analysts of democratization in the Middle East cite the Islamists' references to respect for human rights in their justification for these programmes as evidence that these groups can serve as a progressive force in the region.

Islamist parties have been particularly critical of the government's readiness to sign international treaties such as the United Nation's International Convention on Civil and Political Rights[46]. At a parliamentary session in June 2006 to discuss ratification of the Convention, Sheikh Adel Mouwda, the former leader of salafist party, Asalah, explained the party's objections: "The convention has been tailored by our enemies, God kill them all, to serve their needs and protect their interests rather than ours. This why we have eyes from the American Embassy watching us during our sessions, to ensure things are swinging their way" [47].

Both Sunnī and Shī'a Islamists suffered a setback in March 2006 when 20 municipal councillors, most of whom represented religious parties, went missing in Bangkok on an unscheduled stopover when returning from a conference in Malaysia[48]. After the missing councillors eventually arrived in Bahrain they defended their stay at the Radisson Hotel in Bangkok, telling journalists it was a "fact-finding mission", and explaining: "We benefited a lot from the trip to Thailand because we saw how they managed their transport, landscaping and roads." [49]

Bahraini liberals have responded to the growing power of religious parties by organizing themselves to campaign through civil society in order to defend basic personal freedoms from being legislated away. In November 2005, al Muntada, a grouping of liberal academics, launched "We Have A Right", a campaign to explain to the public why personal freedoms matter and why they need to be defended.

Women's political rights in Bahrain saw an important step forward when women were granted the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in the 2002 election. However, no women were elected to office in that year’s polls and instead Shī'a and Sunnī Islamists dominated the election, collectively winning a majority of seats. In response to the failure of women candidates, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes representatives of the Kingdom’s indigenous Jewish and Christian communities. The country's first female cabinet minister was appointed in 2004 when Dr. Nada Haffadh became Minister of Health, while the quasi-governmental women's group, the Supreme Council for Women, trained female candidates to take part in the 2006 general election. When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women's rights activist Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa as the President of the United Nations General Assembly [50], only the third woman in history to head the world body[51].

The king recently created the Supreme Judicial Council[52] to regulate the country's courts and institutionalize the separation of the administrative and judicial branches of government[53]; the leader of this court is Mohammed Humaidan.

On 11–12 November 2005, Bahrain hosted the Forum for the Future bringing together leaders from the Middle East and G8 countries to discuss political and economic reform in the region. [54]

The near total dominance of religious parties in elections has given a new prominence to clerics within the political system, with the most senior Shia religious leader, Sheikh Isa Qassim, playing what’s regarded as an extremely important role; according to one academic paper, “In fact, it seems that few decisions can be arrived at in Al Wefaq – and in the whole country, for that matter – without prior consultation with Isa Qassim, ranging from questions with regard to the planned codification of the personal status law to participation in elections.”[55]

In 2007, Al Wefaq-backed parliamentary investigations are credited with forcing the government to remove ministers who had frequently clashed with MPs: the Minister of Health, Dr Nada Haffadh (who was also Bahrain’s first ever female cabinet minister) and the Minister of Information, Dr Mohammed Abdul Gaffar[56].

Governorates

Governorates of Bahrain

Bahrain is split into five governorates. Until July 3, 2002, it was divided into twelve municipalities; see Municipalities of Bahrain. The governorates are:

  1. Capital
  2. Central
  3. Muharraq
  4. Northern
  5. Southern

For further information, see Decree-Law establishing governoratesPDF (732 KiB) from the Bahrain official website.

Cities, towns and villages

Among Bahrain's cities and towns are:



Bahrain's many small towns and villages include:

  • Galali
  • Janabiyah
  • Jannusan
  • Jaw
  • Jeblat Hibshi
  • Jid Alhaj
  • Jid Ali


Economy

Main article: Economy of Bahrain

In a region experiencing an oil boom, Bahrain has the fastest growing economy in the Arab world, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia found in January 2006[57]. Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East according to the 2006 Index of Economic Freedom published by the Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal, and is twenty-fifth freest overall in the world[58]. In 2008, Bahrain was named the world’s fastest growing financial centre by the City of London’s Global Financial Centres Index[59][60].

In Bahrain, petroleum production and processing account for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of GDP. Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, during and following the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to multinational firms. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude oil. Construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems.

In 2004, Bahrain signed the US-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, which will reduce certain barriers to trade between the two nations[61].

Bahrain in 2007 became the first Arab country to institute unemployment benefit as part of a series of labour reforms instigated under Minister of Labour, Dr. Majeed Al Alawi[62]

Geography

Map of Bahrain.
Main article: Geography of Bahrain

Bahrain is a generally flat and arid archipelago, consisting of a low desert plain rising gently to a low central escarpment, in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. The highest point is the 122 m Jabal ad Dukhan.

Bahrain has a total area of 665 km² (266 mi²), which is slightly larger than the Isle of Man, though it is smaller than the nearby King Fahd International Airport near Dammam, Saudi Arabia (780 km² or 301 mi²). As an archipelago of thirty-three islands, Bahrain does not share a land boundary with another country but does have a 161-kilometre (100 mi) coastline and claims a further twelve nautical miles (22 km) of territorial sea and a twenty-four nautical mile (44 km) contiguous zone. Bahrain's largest islands are Bahrain Island, Muharraq, Umm an Nasan, and Sitrah. Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers.

Bahrain's natural resources include large quantities of oil and natural gas as well as fish stocks. Arable land constitutes only 2.82%[63] of the total area. Desert constitutes 92% of Bahrain and periodic droughts and dust storms are the main natural hazards for Bahrainis.

Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land and coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations, illegal land reclamation at places such as Tubli Bay. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilization of the Dammam Aquifer, the principle aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinization by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies.

Demographics

Bahrain from space
Main article: Demographics of Bahrain Ethnic, Cultural and Religious Groups of Bahrain

The official religion of Bahrain is Islam, which the majority of the population practices. However, due to an influx of immigrants and guest workers from non-Muslim countries, such as India, Philippines and Sri Lanka [64], the overall percentage of Muslims in the country has declined in recent years. According to the 2001 census, 80% of Bahrain's population was Muslim, 10% were Christian, and 10% practiced other religions.

There are no official figures for the proportion of Shia and Sunni among the Muslims of Bahrain. Unofficial sources, such as the Library of Congress Country Studies[65], BBC[66], and the New York Times[67], estimate it to be approximately 45% Sunni and 55% Shia. The last official census (in 1941) which included sectarian identification reported 53% as Shia.

Bahrain has transformed into a cosmopolitan society with mixed communities: two thirds of Bahrain's population consists of Arabs. A Large contingency of people of Iranian descent as well as immigrants and guest workers from, South Asia and Southeast Asia are present. A Financial Times published on 31 May 1983 found that "Bahrain is a polyglot state, both religiously and racially. Leaving aside the temporary immigrants of the past ten years, there are at least eight or nine communities on the island."

The present communities may be classified as:

  • Tribals - Sunni Arab bedouin tribes allied to the Al-Khalifa including the Utoob tribes, Dawasir, Al Nuaim, Al Mannai etc
  • Baharna - indigenous Shia ethnic group
  • Howala - descendants of Sunni Arabs who migrated to Persia and returned later on, although some of them are originally Persians.[68][69]
  • Ajam - ethnic Persians from Shia and Sunni faith.
  • Najdis (also called Hadhar), non-tribal urban Sunni Arabs from Najd in central Arabia. These are families whose ancestors were pearl divers, traders, etc. An example is the Al Gosaibi family.
  • Banyan - Indians who traded with Bahrain and settled before the age of oil[70] (formerly known as the Hunood or Banyan, Arabic: البونيان) -- see also Bania (caste);
  • Afro-Arabs - Descendants of black African slaves from East Africa
  • Bahraini Jews - a tiny Jewish community; and a miscellaneous grouping.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bahrain

Bahrain is sometimes described as the "Middle East lite"[71] a country that mixes modern infrastructure with a Gulf identity, but unlike other countries in the region its prosperity is not solely a reflection of the size of its oil wealth, but also related to the creation of an indigenous middle class. This unique socioeconomic development in the Persian Gulf has meant that Bahrain is generally more liberal than its neighbours. While Islam is the main religion, Bahrainis have been known for their tolerance, and alongside mosques can be found churches, a Hindu temple, a Sikh Gurdwara and a Jewish synagogue. The country is home to several communities that have faced persecution elsewhere.

A 123 meter-high fountain off the coast of Manama. The mechanism is contained in a barge, anchored to the seabed.[72] Bahrain Grand Mosque.

It is too early to say whether political liberalisation under King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa has augmented or undermined Bahrain's traditional pluralism. The new political space for Shia and Sunni Islamists has meant that they are now in a much stronger position to pursue programmes that often seek to directly confront this pluralism, yet at the same time political reforms have encouraged an opposite trend for society to become more self critical with a greater willingness in general to examine previous social taboos. It is now common to find public seminars on once unheard of subjects such as marital problems and sex[73] and child abuse[74]. Another facet of the new openness is Bahrain's status as the most prolific book publisher in the Arab world, with 132 books published in 2005 for a population of 700,000. In comparison, the average for the entire Arab world is seven books published per one million people in 2005, according to the United Nations Development Programme. [75]

Ali Bahar is the most famous singer in Bahrain. He performs his music with his Band Al-Ekhwa (The Brothers).

On October 20, 2005, it was reported that Michael Jackson intended to leave the United States permanently in order to seek a new life in Bahrain. Jackson has reportedly told friends that he feels "increasingly Bahraini"[76]after buying a former PM's mansion in Sanad, and is now seeking another property by the seashore. Jackson reportedly moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, in 2006. Other celebrities associated with the Kingdom include singer Shakira and Grand Prix driver Jenson Button, who owns property there.

In Manama lies the new district of Juffair, predominantly built on reclaimed land. This is the location of the U.S. Naval Support Activity. The concentration of restaurants, bars and nightlife make this area a magnet for U.S. service members and Saudi weekend visitors.

Language

Arabic is the official language of Bahrain, though English is widely used. Another language spoken by some of the local inhabitants of Bahrain is a dialect of Persian which has been heavily influenced by Arabic. Amongst the domestic workers, housemaids and construction workers, Hindi, Malayalam and Tagalog are widely spoken.

Formula One and other motorsports events

Bahrain has a Formula One race-track, hosting the Gulf Air Grand Prix on 4 April 2004, the first for an Arab country. The race was won by Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari. This was followed by the Bahrain Grand Prix in 2005. Bahrain has successfully hosted the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on 12 March. Both the above races were won by Fernando Alonso of Renault. The 2007 event took place on April 13th, 14th and 15th resulting in victory of Ferrari's Felipe Massa[77]. On Sunday, April 6th, 2008, Ferrari's Felipe Massa once again took the Bahrain Grand Prix victory, with BMW Sauber's Robert Kubica being the first Polish driver on pole position, and BMW's first pole as well.

In 2006, Bahrain also hosted its inaugural Australian V8 Supercar event dubbed the "Desert 400". The V8s will return every November to the Sakhir circuit. The inaugural round was won by Ford Performance Racing's Jason Bright.

The Bahrain International Circuit also features a full length drag strip, and the Bahrain Drag Racing Club has organised invitational events featuring some of Europe's top drag racing teams [78] to try and raise the profile of the sport in the Middle East. There has been much speculation about Bahrain hosting a round of the FIA European Drag Racing Championship, but as yet this has not come to fruition due to problems with the track gaining the necessary licence [79].

Holidays

Date English name Local name January 1New Year's Dayرأس السنة الميلادية May 1Labour Day عيد العمال December 16National Day العيد الوطني December 17Accession Day عيد الجلوس 10th Zilhajjah Feast of the Sacrifice (4 days)[80]Eid ul-AdhaCommemorates Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son Ismial; occurs at the 10th day of the month of hajj. i.e. the month of Dhu al-Hijjah1st Shawal Little Feast (3 days) Eid ul-FitrCommemorates end of Ramadan1st Moharram Hijri New Year MuharramIslamic New Year 9th & 10th Moharram Ashura Day MuharramLast days of RamadanAl-Isra' wa ul-Miraj Lailat al MirajCommemorates Muhammad's journey to the Heavens 27th Rajab Al-Isra' wa ul-Miraj RajabNon SalafiSunnicelebrate Mi'raji.e. the day Muhammadis alleged to have ascended to heaven12th Rabiul Awal ProphetMuhammad's birthday Mawlid al-Nabi 9th-10th Moharram Ashoura(2 days) Commemorates the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Aliat the Battle of Karbala

On 1 September 2006 Bahrain changed its weekend from being Thursdays and Fridays to Fridays and Saturdays, in order to have a day of the weekend shared with the rest of the world.

Military

The kingdom has a small but well equipped military called the Bahrain Defense Force. They have a cooperative agreement with the United States Military and have provided the United States a base in Juffair since the early 1990s. This is the home of the United States Navy Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) and about 1500 U.S. and coalition military [81].

Education

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Main article: Education in Bahrain
See also: Boy Scouts of Bahrain

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Quranic schools (Kuttab) were the only form of education in Bahrain. They were traditional schools aimed at teaching children and youth the reading of the Qur'an. After the First World War, Bahrain became open to western influences and a demand for modern educational institutions appeared.

1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain when Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys was opened in Muharraq. In 1926, the Education Committee opened the second public school for boys in Manama and in 1928 the first public school for girls was opened in Muharraq.

In 2004 King Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa introduced a project that uses information communication technology (ICT) to support K–12 education in Bahrain. This project is named King Hamad Schools of Future. The objective of this project is to connect and link all schools within the kingdom with the internet.

In addition to British intermediate schools, the island is served by the Bahrain School (BS). The BS is a United States Department of Defense school that provides a K-12 curriculum including International Baccalaureate offerings.

Private schools also exist that offer either the IB Diploma Programme or UK A-Levels. In 2007, St Christopher's School Bahrain became the first school in Bahrain to offer a choice of IB or A-Levels for students. The British School of Bahrain was listed by The Times newspaper as being one of the top 10 schools outside the United Kingdom.

Numerous international educational institutions and schools have established links to Bahrain. A few prominent institutions are DePaul University, Bentley College, and NYIT.

See also: List of universities in Bahrain

Schooling is paid for by the government, and, although not compulsory, primary and secondary attendance rates are high. Bahrain also encourages institutions of higher learning, drawing on expatriate talent and the increasing pool of Bahrain Nationals returning from abroad with advanced degrees. The University of Bahrain has been established for standard undergraduate and graduate study, and the College of Health Sciences – operating under the direction of the Ministry of Health – trains physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and paramedics. The national action charter, passed in 2001, paved the way for the formation of private universities. The first private university was Ahlia University, situated in Manama. The University of London External has appointed MCG as the regional representative office in Bahrain for distance learning programs. MCG is one of the oldest private institutes in the country.

Asian institutes have also been opened which educate to Asian students, such as the Pakistan Urdu School. The Indian School, Bahrain and the New Indian School, Bahrain are Indian institutions for children whose parents are expatriates in Bahrain from India.

Tourism

Al Bander Resort in Bahrain.
Main article: Tourism in Bahrain

Bahrain is a popular tourist destination with over eight million tourists a year. Most of the visitors are from the surrounding Arab states but there is an increasing number of tourists from outside the region thanks to a growing awareness of the kingdom’s heritage and its higher profile with regards to the Bahrain Formula One Race Track.

The Lonely Planet describes Bahrain as "an excellent introduction to the Persian Gulf"[82] because of its authentic Arab heritage and reputation as relatively liberal and modern. The kingdom combines Arab culture, Gulf glitz and the archaeological legacy of five thousand years of civilization. The island is home to castles including Qalat Al Bahrain which has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site

The Bahrain National Museum has artifacts from the country's history dating back to the island's first human inhabitation 9000 years ago.

Some of the major projects underway are Durrat Al Bahrain, Amwaj Islands, Bahrain Bay, Financial Harbour, Areen Resort and Spa, Bahrain City Center, Bahrain Bay, Salam Resort Bahrain, Reef Island, Bahrain Health Island, Diyaar Al Muharraq, Bahrain International Circuit, Riffa Views, Marina West, Al Jazir Beach, World Trade Center and Abraj Lulu, and the new Iceberg Tower (which is a ski resort) to be opened in 2009.


Bahrain Offical Tourist Website
Bahrain Economic Development'

See also

External links

Find more about Bahrain on Wikipedia's sister projects: Dictionary definitionsTextbooksQuotationsSource textsImages and mediaNews storiesLearning resources

References

  1. ^ Embassy of the Kingdom of Bahrain to the United States
  2. ^ CIA World Factbook, "Bahrain" [1]
  3. ^ " Bahrain ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 2008 [2]
  4. ^ Danes behind the world's longest fixed link COWI, 25 September 2001
  5. ^ History of Bahrain History of Nations website
  6. ^ Bahrain Gateway Published by the Economic Representative of Bahrain to the United States of America, 2007
  7. ^ Curtis E. Larsen. Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University Of Chicago Press, 1984
  8. ^ Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007
  9. ^ Smith, G.R. "Uyūnids." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 16 March 2008 [3]
  10. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Baḥrayn." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 15 March 2008 [4]
  11. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2. (May, 1987), pp. 177-203, at p. 179, through JSTOR. [5]
  12. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Baḥrayn."
  13. ^ Rentz, "al- Baḥrayn."
  14. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 186, through JSTOR. [6]
  15. ^ Rentz, "al- Baḥrayn."
  16. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 187
  17. ^ X. De Planhol, "Bahrain", Encyclopedia Iranica (online version) [7]
  18. ^ X. De Planhol
  19. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 194
  20. ^ J. A. Kechichian, "Bahrain", Encyclopedia Iranica (online version) [8]
  21. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 194
  22. ^ Rentz, "al- Baḥrayn."
  23. ^ J. A. Kechichian, "Bahrain", Encyclopedia Iranica (online version) [9]
  24. ^ Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007
  25. ^ Burrell, R.M. "al- Manāma." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 11 April 2008 [10]
  26. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Dawāsir." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman ، Th. Bianquis ، C.E. Bosworth ، E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 19 December 2007 [11]
  27. ^ Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia, London, UK: Al Saqi Books, 1998, p. 91.
  28. ^ Vassiliev, p. 186
  29. ^ Vassiliev, p. 107
  30. ^ Vassiliev, p. 186
  31. ^ J. A. Kechichian
  32. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 199
  33. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Dawāsir."
  34. ^ Belgrave of Bahrain: The Life of Charles Dalrymple Belgrave, Emirates Natural History Group, 2007
  35. ^ The Uncontrollable Genie Time Magazine, 27 August 1956
  36. ^ Bahrain Timeline BBC
  37. ^ Bahrain Profile National Post 7 April 2007
  38. ^ Stay just over the horizon this time, Time Magazine, 25 October 1982
  39. ^ Rebellion in Bahrain, Middle East Review of International Affairs, March 1999
  40. ^ Bahrain: Promising Human Rights Reforms Must Continue, Amnesty International, 13 March 2001
  41. ^ http://www.tradearabia.com/tanews/newsdetails_snLAW_article116035_cnt.html
  42. ^ Islamists hail huge election victory, Gulf News, 27 November 2006
  43. ^ Mannequins ban councillor up in arms Gulf Daily News, April 11 2005
  44. ^ Drying underwear in public 'offensive', Gulf Daily News, 11 March 2005
  45. ^ Peeping clamp Gulf Daily News, 24 January 2006
  46. ^ The International Convention on Civil and Political Rights Human Rights Web
  47. ^ Rights push by Bahrain, Gulf Daily News, 14 June 2006
  48. ^ Councillors 'missing' in Bangkok, Gulf Daily News, 15 March 2006
  49. ^ Councillors face the music after Bangkok jaunt, Gulf Daily News (via Bahrain.tv) 16 March 2006
  50. ^ Bahraini woman becomes UN General Assembly president. Zee News. June 8, 2006
  51. ^ 'UN General Assembly to be headed by its third-ever woman president', United Nations, June 8, 2006
  52. ^ Bahrain Law on Judicial Authority Published by the Arab Judicial Forum 15-17 September 2003
  53. ^ Bahrain sets up institute to train judges and prosecutors Gulf News, 15 November 2005
  54. ^ Forum for the Future Factsheet US State Department, 2005
  55. ^ Voices in Parliament, Debates in Majalis, Banners on the Street: Avenues of Political Participation in Bahrain, Katja Niethammar, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, 2006
  56. ^ Bahrain ministries' probe to continue Gulf News, 25 September 2007
  57. ^ Bahrain expected to bustle Arabian Business, 1 February 2007
  58. ^ Bahrain Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation
  59. ^ Hedge Funds Review 18 March 2008
  60. ^ http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/Story.asp?Article=211833&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=30364 Gulf Daily News] 18 March 2008
  61. ^ Bahrain Timeline BBC
  62. ^ Minister lashes out at parties opposed to unemployment benefit scheme Gulf News, 22 June 2007
  63. ^ CIA World Factbook - Bahrain, CIA, 2005
  64. ^ Bahrain's crown prince to visit India Overseas Indian, 8 March 2007
  65. ^ Bahrain Country Study Library of Congress
  66. ^ Young in the Arab world: Bahrain, BBC, 25 February 2005
  67. ^ In Tiny Arab state, web takes on ruling elite New York Times, 15 January 2006
  68. ^ Rentz, "al- Baḥrayn.": "A good number of the Sunnīs of Baḥrayn are Arabs or the descendants of Arabs onze resident on the Persian coast; such are known as Huwala."
  69. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Kawāsim." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 15 March 2008 [12]
  70. ^ «البونيان» تاريخ طويل يمتد في وسط المنامة باسم «ليتل إنديا», Alwasat Newspaper
  71. ^ Bahrain Profile National Post 7 April 2007
  72. ^ Fountain is new coastal landmark—Gult Daily News
  73. ^ Scholarly 'lacking sexual awareness' Gulf Daily News, 22 January 2006
  74. ^ Gulf Daily News
  75. ^ Bahrain tops publishing sector among Arab states Gulf News, 4 January 2006
  76. ^ Jackson settles down to his new life in the Gulf Gulf News, 23 January 2006
  77. ^ Bahrain International Circuit
  78. ^ Eurodragster.com
  79. ^ Eurodragster.com
  80. ^ Also known as the Big Feast
  81. ^ United States Navy Central Command web site
  82. ^ Bahrain, Destination Guide Lonely Planet
  Geographic locale v • d • eCountries and territoriesof the Middle East

Bahrain · Egypt · Gaza Strip · Iraq · Iran · Israel · Jordan · Kuwait · Lebanon · Oman · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Syria · United Arab Emirates · West Bank · Yemen

Greater Middle East: Afghanistan · Cyprus · Pakistan · Turkey · Sudan · Somalia · Eritrea · Djibouti · Libya · Algeria · Tunisia · Morocco · Northern Cyprus, Turkish Republic of,1

1 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not officially recognized by the United Nations, recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.

v • d • eCountriesof Southwest Asia

Armenia · Azerbaijan · Bahrain · Cyprus · Georgia · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Jordan · Kuwait · Lebanon · Northern Cyprus, Turkish Republic of1 · Oman · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Syria · Turkey · United Arab Emirates · Yemen

1 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not officially recognized by the United Nations, recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.

v • d • eCountries of Asia

Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma · Cambodia · China, People's Republic of · China, Republic of (Taiwan)2 · Cyprus · Egypt3 · Georgia1 · India · Indonesia4 · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan1 · Korea, Democratic People's Republic of · Korea, Republic of · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia1 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Timor-Leste (East Timor)4 · Turkey1 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen3

For dependent and other territories, see Dependent territory.

1 Partly or significantly in Europe.  2 The Republic of China (Taiwan) is not officially recognized by the United Nations; see Political status of Taiwan.
3 Partly or significantly in Africa.  4 Partly or wholly reckoned in Oceania.

v • d • eCountriesbordering the Persian Gulf   

 Bahrain

 Iran

 Iraq

 Kuwait

 Oman

 Qatar

 Saudi Arabia

 United Arab Emirates

v • d • eCountriesand territories bordering the Indian OceanAfricaComoros · Djibouti · Eritrea · Kenya · Madagascar · Mauritius · Mayotte · Mozambique · Seychelles · Somalia · Somaliland · South Africa · Sudan · TanzaniaAsiaBahrain · Bangladesh · Burma · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Kuwait · Malaysia · Maldives · Oman · Pakistan · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Sri Lanka · Thailand · United Arab Emirates · YemenOceaniaAustralia · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) IslandsIslands Bahrain · British Indian Ocean Territory · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Madagascar · Maldives · Mauritius · Mayotte · Seychelles · Sri Lanka
  International membership and history v • d • eArab LeagueMembers Algeria · Bahrain · Comoros · Djibouti · Egypt · Iraq · Jordan · Kuwait · Lebanon · Libya · Mauritania · Morocco · Oman · Palestine · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Sudan · Somalia · Syria · Tunisia · United Arab Emirates · YemenObservers Eritrea · India · Venezuela
v • d • eCooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG)

Bahrain · Kuwait · Oman · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · United Arab Emirates

v • d • eMonarchiesAbsolute monarchiesBrunei · Oman · Saudi Arabia · Swaziland · VaticanConstitutional
monarchiesAntigua and Barbudac · Australiac · Andorra · Bahamasc · Bahrain · Barbadosc · Belizec · Belgium · Bhutan · Cambodia · Canadac · Denmark · Grenadac · Jamaicac · Japanj · Jordan · Kuwait · Liechtenstein · Lesotho · Luxembourg · Malaysia · Monaco · Morocco · Netherlands · New Zealandc · Norway · Papua New Guineac · Qatarq · Spain · Saint Kitts and Nevisc · Saint Luciac · Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesc · Solomon Islandsc · Sweden · Thailand · Tonga · Tuvaluc · United Arab Emiratesu · United Kingdomc Elective monarchiesAndorra · Cambodia · Kuwait · Malaysia · Swaziland · United Arab Emiratesu · VaticanSubnational
monarchiesAlo(Wallis and Futuna) · Ankole(Uganda) · Ashanti(Ghana) · Buganda(Uganda) · Bunyoro(Uganda) · Busoga(Uganda) · Dagbon(Ghana) · Māori(New Zealand) · Sigave(Wallis and Futuna) · Tibet(People's Republic of China) · Toro(Uganda) · Uvea(Wallis and Futuna) · Yogyakarta(Indonesia) · Zululand(South Africa) (c) All 16 Commonwealth realmsshare one monarch represented, except for the U.K., by a Governor-General · (j) Monarch debatable as being true Head of State. · (q) Technically a constitutional monarchy but displays effective properties of an absolute monarchy. (u) Uses the non-monarchical title President.
v • d • eAfro-Asiatic-speakingnations   Berber   

 Algeria
 Egypt

 Libya
 Mali

 Mauritania
 Morocco

 Niger
 Tunisia

v • d • eChadic   

 Cameroon
 Central African Republic
 Chad

 Niger
 Nigeria

v • d • eCushitic   

Cushitic
 Djibouti
 Eritrea


 Ethiopia
 Kenya


 Somalia

Beja
 Egypt
 Eritrea


 Sudan

v • d • eEgyptian   Egypt
v • d • eOmotic Ethiopia
v • d • eSemitic   

Arabic / Maltese
 Algeria
 Bahrain
 Egypt
 Iraq
 Israel
 Jordan


 Kuwait
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Malta
 Mauritania
 Morocco


 Oman
 PNA
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 Sudan1


 Syria
 Tunisia
 UAE
 W. Sahara
 Yemen

Northwest Semitic2
 Iraq
 Israel
 Syria

South Semitic
 Eritrea
 Ethiopia
 Oman
 Yemen

1 excluding Southern Sudan.    2 Aramaic and Hebrew. v • d • ePortuguese EmpireNorth Africa 

15th century
1415–1640  Ceuta
1458–1550  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550  Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662  Tangier
1485–1550  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487- middle 16th century  Ouadane
1488–1541  Safim (Safi)

16th century
1505–1769  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)
1506–1525  Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525  Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541  Azamor (Azemmour)
1577–1589  Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa 

15th century
1455–1633  Arguin
1470–1975  São Tomé1
1474–1778  Annobón
1478–1778  Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642  Portuguese Gold Coast
1496–1550  Madagascar (part)
1498–1540  Mascarene Islands

16th century
1500–1630  Malindi
1500–1975  Príncipe1
1501–1975  Portuguese E. Africa (Mozambique)
1502–1659  St. Helena
1503–1698  Zanzibar
1505–1512  Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511  Socotra
1557–1578  Accra
1575–1975  Portuguese W. Africa (Angola)
1588–1974  Cacheu2
1593–1698  Mombassa (Mombasa)

17th century
1642–1975  Cape Verde
1645–1888  Ziguinchor
1680–1961  São João Baptista de Ajudá
1687–1974  Bissau2

18th century
1728–1729  Mombassa (Mombasa)
1753–1975  São Tomé and Príncipe

19th century
1879–1974  Portuguese Guinea
1885–1975  Portuguese Congo (Cabinda)

1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipefrom 1753.   2 Part of Portuguese Guineafrom 1879.
Southwest Asia 

16th century
1506–1615  Gamru (Bandar Abbas)
1507-1643  Sohar
1515–1622  Hormuz (Ormus)
1515-1648  Quriyat
1515-?   Qalhat
1515–1650  Muscat
1515?-?   Barka
1515-1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602  Bahrain (Al Muharraq and Manama)
1521-1529?  Qatif
1521?-1551? Tarut Island
1550-1551  Qatif
1588-1648  Matrah

17th century
1620-?   Khor Fakkan
1621?-?   As Sib
1621-1622  Qeshm
1623-?   Khasab
1623-?   Libedia
1624-?   Kalba
1624-?   Madha
1624-1648  Diba al-Hisn
1624?-?   Bandar-e Kong

Indian subcontinent 

15th century
1498–1545  Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep)

16th century
Portuguese India
   1500–1663  Cochim (Kochi)
   1502–1661  Quilon (Coulão/Kollam)
   1502–1663  Cannanore (Kannur)
   1507–1657  Negapatam (Nagapattinam)
   1510–1962  Goa
   1512–1525  Calicut (Kozhikode)
   1518–1619  Paliacate (Pulicat)
   1521–1740  Chaul
   1523–1662  São Tomé de Meliapore
   1528–1666  Chittagong
   1534–1601  Salsette Island
   1534–1661  Bombay (Mumbai)
   1535–1739  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
   1536–1662  Cranganore (Kodungallur)
   1540–1612  Surat
   1548–1658  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
   1559–1962  Daman and Diu
   1568–1659  Mangalore
   1579–1632  Hughli
   1598–1610  Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521  Maldives
1518–1658  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573  Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India
   1687–1749  São Tomé de Meliapore

18th century
Portuguese India
   1779–1954  Dadra and Nagar Haveli

East Asia and Oceania 

16th century
1511–1641  Portuguese Malacca
1512–1621  Banda Islands
1512–1621  Moluccas (Maluku Islands)
   1522–1575  Ternate
   1576–1605  Ambon
   1578–1650  Tidore
1512–1665  Makassar
1553–1999  Macau
1533-1545  Ning-po
1571–1639  Decima (Dejima, Nagasaki)

17th century
1642–1975  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1


19th century
Macau
   1864–1999  Coloane
   1851–1999  Taipa
   1890–1999  Ilha Verde

20th century
Macau
   1938–1941  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)

1 1975 is the date of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, the independence of East Timor was recognized by Portugal and the rest of the world.

North America and the North Atlantic Ocean 

15th century
1420           Madeira
1432           Azores

16th century
1500–1579?  Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
1500-1579?  Labrador
1516–1579?  Nova Scotia

Central and South America 

16th century
1500–1822  Brazil
1536–1620  Barbados

17th century
1680–1777  Nova Colônia do Sacramento


19th century
1808–1822  Cisplatina (Uruguay)

Portuguese colonization of the Americas

Coordinates: 26°01′39″N, 50°33′00″E

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