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Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN) Flag
Seat of Secretariat Jakarta, Indonesia Official languages Malay
English
Chinese
Filipino
Thai
Vietnamese Member states 10 Brunei
Burma
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam Leaders  -  Secretary General Surin Pitsuwan Area  -  Total 4,464,322 km² 
1,723,684 sq mi  Population  -  2007 estimate 575.5 million   -  Density 129/km² 
334.1/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate  -  Total US$ 3,431.2 billion (2007)   -  Per capita US$ 5,962  GDP (nominal) 2007 estimate  -  Total US$ 1,281.9 billion (2007)   -  Per capita US$ 2,227  HDI (2007) ▲ 0.742 (medium) (100th¹) Currency 10 Brunei dollar (BND) 
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) 
Cambodian riel (KHR) 
Lao kip (LAK) 
Myanma kyat (MMK) 
Malaysian ringgit (MYR) 
Philippine peso (PHP) 
Singapore dollar (SGD) 
Thai baht (THB) 
Vietnamese đồng (VND) Time zone (UTC+6½ to +9) Website
http://www.asean.org/ 1 If considered as a single entity. 2 Selected key basic ASEAN indicators 3 Annual growth 1.6%

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations,[1] commonly referred to as ASEAN, pronounced /ˈɑːsiːɑːn/ AH-see-ahn in English, is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on August 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[2] Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, and the promotion of regional peace.[3]

In 2005, the bloc had a combined GDP (Nominal/PPP) of about USD$896.5 billion/$2.728 billion growing at an average rate of around 5.6% per annum. Nominal GDP had grown to $1,073.9 billion in 2006.

Contents

History

██ ASEAN full members
██ ASEAN observers
██ ASEAN candidate members
██ ASEAN Plus Three
███ East Asia Summit
█████ ASEAN Regional Forum
See also: List of members of the ASEAN
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Bangkok Declaration

ASEAN was preceded by an organization called the Association of Southeast Asia, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on August 8, 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand – met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers – Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand – are considered as the organization's Founding Fathers.[4]

The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were the desire for a stable external environment (so that its members’ governing elite could concentrate on nation building), the common fear of communism, reduced faith in or mistrust of external powers in the 1960s, as well as the aspiration for national economic development; not to mention Indonesia’s ambition to become a regional hegemon through regional cooperation and the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative framework. Unlike the Europe Union, ASEAN has been made to serve nationalism.[5]

In 1976, the Melanesian state of Papua New Guinea was accorded observer status.[6] Throughout the 1970s, the organization embarked on a program of economic cooperation, following the Bali Summit of 1976. This foundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area. The bloc then grew when Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member after it joined on January 8, 1984, barely a week after the country became independent on January 1.[7]

During the 1990s, the bloc experienced an increase in both membership as well as in the drive for further integration. In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus[8] composing the then-members of ASEAN as well as the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the growing influence of the United States in the APEC as well as in the Asian region as a whole.[9][10] This proposal, however, failed since it faced heavy opposition from Japan and the United States.[9][11]

Despite this failure, member states continued to work for further integration. In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was signed as a schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal to increase the region’s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market. This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area.

Satellite image of the 2006 Southeast Asian haze over Borneo.

On July 28, 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member, Laos and Myanmar joined two years later in July 23, 1997.[12] Cambodia was to have joined together with Laos and Myanmar, but was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle. The country later joined on April 30, 1999, following the stabilization of its government.[12]

At the turn of the 21st century, issues shifted to involve a more environmental prospective. The organization started to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia.[13] Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze. Other environmental treaties introduced by the organization include the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security,[14] the ASEAN-Wildlife Enforcement Network in 2005,[15] and the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, both of which are responses to Global Warming and the negative effects of climate change.

Through the Bali Concord II in 2003, ASEAN has subscribed to the notion of democratic peace, which means all member countries believe democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability. Also the non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to.[16]

The leaders of each country, particularly Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, also felt the need to further integrate the region. Beginning in 1997, the bloc began creating organizations within its framework with the intention of achieving this goal. ASEAN Plus Three was the first of these and was created to improve existing ties with the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia Summit, which included these countries as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This new grouping acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community, which was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study the possible successes and failures of this policy as well as the possibility of drafting an ASEAN Charter.

In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly.[17] As a response, the organization awarded the status of "dialogue partner" to the United Nations.[18] Furthermore, in July 23 that year, José Ramos-Horta, then Prime Minister of East Timor, signed a formal request for membership and expected the accession process to last at least five years before the then-observer state became a full member.[19][20]

In 2007, ASEAN has celebrated its 40th anniversary since its inception, and 30 years of diplomatic relations with the United States.[21]

On August 26, 2007, ASEAN has also stated that it aims to complete all its free trade agreements with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand by 2013, in line with the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015.[22][23]

In November 2007 the ASEAN members signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among the ASEAN members and establishing ASEAN itself as an international legal entity.

The ASEAN Way

Demographics of the ASEAN Members This section does not citeany references or sources. (May 2008)
Please help improve this sectionby adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiablematerial may be challenged and removed.

In the 1960s, the push for decolonization promoted the sovereignty of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore, among others. Since nation building is often messy and vulnerable to foreign intervention, the governing elite wanted to be free to implement independent policies with the knowledge that neighbors would refrain from interfering in their domestic affairs. Territorially small members such as Singapore, Brunei were consciously fearful of force and coercive measures from much bigger neighbors like Indonesia and Malaysia. As a result, non-interference, consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation became the key principles of the organization.

On the surface, the process of consultations and consensus is supposed to be a democratic approach to decision making, but the ASEAN process has been managed through close interpersonal contacts among the top leaders only, who often share a reluctance to institutionalize and legalize co-operation which can undermine their regime’s control over the conduct of regional co-operation.

All of these features, namely non-interference, informality, minimal institutionalization, consultation and consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation have constituted what is called the ASEAN Way.

Since the late 1990s, many scholars have argued that the principle of non-interference has blunted ASEAN efforts in handling the problem of Myanmar, human rights abuses and haze pollution in the region. Meanwhile, with the consensus-based approach, every member in fact has a veto and decisions are usually reduced to the lowest common denominator. There has been a widespread belief that ASEAN members should have a less rigid view on these two cardinal principles when they wish to be seen as a cohesive and relevant community.

ASEAN's agenda-setting and decision-making

This section does not citeany references or sources. (May 2008)
Please help improve this sectionby adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiablematerial may be challenged and removed.

Apart from consultations and consensus, ASEAN’s agenda-setting and decision-making processes can be usefully understood in terms of the so-called Track I and Track II. Track I refers to the practice of diplomacy among government channels. The participants stand as representatives of their respective states and reflect the official positions of their governments during negotiations and discussions. All official decisions are made in Track I. Track II on the other hand refers to diplomatic activities that are unofficial and includes participants from both government and non-government institutions such as the academic, economic communities and NGOs. This track enables governments to discuss controversial issues and test new ideas without making official statements or binding commitments, and, if necessary, backtrack on positions.

Although Track II dialogues are sometimes cited as examples of the involvement of civil society in regional decision-making process by governments and other second track actors, NGOs have rarely got access to this track, meanwhile participants from the academic community are a dozen think-tanks. However, these think-tanks are, in most cases, very much linked to their respective governments, and dependent on government funding for their academic and policy-relevant activities. Their recommendations, especially in economic integration , are often closer to ASEAN’s decisions than the rest of civil society’s positions.

The track that acts as a forum for civil society in Southeast Asia is called Track III, which is essentially people-to-people diplomacy undertaken mainly by CSOs. Track III networks claim to represent communities and people who are largely marginalised from political power centers and unable to achieve positive change without outside assistance. This track tries to influence government policies indirectly by lobbying, generating pressure through the media. Third-track actors also organise and/or attend meetings as well as conferences to get access to Track I officials.

While Track II meetings and interactions with Track I actors have increased and intensified, rarely has the rest of civil society had the opportunity to interface with Track II. Those with Track I have been even rarer. In other words, the participation of the big majority of CSOs has been excluded from ASEAN’s agenda-setting and decision-making.

Looking at the three tracks, it is clear that until now, ASEAN has been run by government officials who, as far as ASEAN matters are concerned, are accountable only to their governments and not the people. In a lecture on the occasion of ASEAN’s 38th anniversary, the incumbent Indonesian President Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono admitted:

“All the decisions about treaties and free trade areas, about declarations and plans of action, are made by Heads of Government, ministers and senior officials. And the fact that among the masses, there is little knowledge, let alone appreciation, of the large initiatives that ASEAN is taking on their behalf.”

Meetings

ASEAN Summit

The organization holds meetings, known as the ASEAN Summit, where heads of government of each member meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with other countries outside of the bloc with the intention of promoting external relations.

The ASEAN Leaders' Formal Summit was first held in Bali, Indonesia in 1976. Its third meeting was held in Manila in 1987 and during this meeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five years.[24] Consequently, the fourth meeting was held in Singapore in 1992 where the leaders again agreed to meet more frequently, deciding to hold the summit every three years.[24] In 2001, it was decided to meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. Member nations were assigned to be the summit host in alphabetical order except in the case of Myanmar which dropped its 2006 hosting rights in 2004 due to pressure from the United States and the European Union.[25]

The formal summit meets for three days. The usual itinerary is as follows:

  • Leaders of member states would hold an internal organization meeting.
  • Leaders of member states would hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum.
  • A meeting, known as ASEAN Plus Three, is set for leaders of three Dialogue Partners (People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea)
  • A separate meeting, known as ASEAN-CER, is set for another set of leaders of two Dialogue Partners (Australia, New Zealand).
ASEAN Formal Summits Date Country Host 1st February 23–24, 1976  IndonesiaBali2nd August 4–5, 1977  MalaysiaKuala Lumpur3rd December 14–15, 1987  PhilippinesManila4th January 27–29, 1992  SingaporeSingapore5th December 14–15, 1995  ThailandBangkok6th December 15–16, 1998  VietnamHanoi7th November 5–6, 2001  BruneiBandar Seri Begawan8th November 4–5, 2002  CambodiaPhnom Penh9th October 7–8, 2003  IndonesiaBali10th November 29–30, 2004  LaosVientiane11th December 12–14, 2005  MalaysiaKuala Lumpur12th January 11–14, 200711  PhilippinesCebu13th November 18–22, 2007  SingaporeSingapore14th 2008  Thailand15th 2009  Vietnam1 Postponed from December 10–14, 2006 due to Typhoon Seniang. 2 hosted the summit because Myanmar backed out. due to enormous pressure from US and .EU

During the fifth Summit in Bangkok, the leaders decided to meet "informally" between each formal summit:[24]

ASEAN Informal Summits Date Country Host 1st November 30, 1996 IndonesiaJakarta2nd December 14-16, 1997  MalaysiaKuala Lumpur3rd November 27-28, 1999  PhilippinesManila4th November 22-25, 2000  SingaporeSingapore

East Asia Summit

Participants of the East Asia Summit:      ASEAN      ASEAN Plus Three      Additional members      Observer
Main article: East Asia Summit

The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The summit has discussed issues including trade, energy and security and the summit has a role in regional community building.

The members of the summit are all 10 members of ASEAN together with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand who combined represent almost half of the world's population. Russia has applied for membership of the summit and in 2005 was a guest for the First EAS at the invitation of the host - Malaysia.[26]

The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on December 14, 2005 and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders’ Meeting.

Meeting Country Location Date Note First EAS MalaysiaKuala LumpurDecember 14, 2005 Russia attended as a guest. Second EAS PhilippinesCebu CityJanuary 15, 2007 Rescheduled from December 13, 2006.

Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security

Third EAS SingaporeSingaporeNovember 21, 2007 Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[27]

Agreed to establish Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia

Fourth EAS  ThailandTBC TBC TBC

Regional Forum

██ ASEAN full members
██ ASEAN observers
██ ASEAN candidate members
██ ASEAN Plus Three
███ East Asia Summit
██████ ASEAN Regional Forum

The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a formal, official, multilateral dialogue in Asia Pacific region. As of July 2007, it is consisted of 27 participants. ARF objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation, and promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region.[28] The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The current participants in the ARF are as follows: all ASEAN members, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People's Republic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Timor-Leste, United States and Sri Lanka. The Republic of China (also known as Taiwan) has been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait is neither discussed at the ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.

Other meetings

Aside from the ones above, other regular[29] meetings are also held.[30] These include the annual ASEAN Ministerial Meeting[31] as well as other smaller committees, such as the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.[32] Meetings mostly focus on specific topics, such as defense[29] or the environment,[29][33] and are attended by Ministers, instead of heads of government.

Plus Three

The ASEAN Plus Three is a meeting between ASEAN, the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, and is primarily held during each ASEAN Summit.

Asia-Europe Meeting

The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996, bringing together the European Union and the ASEAN Plus Three groupings.[34]

Russia Summit

The ASEAN-Russia Summit is a meeting between leaders member states and the President of Russia.

ASEAN Economic Community

ASEAN has emphasized regional cooperation in the “three pillars” of security, sociocultural and economic integration. The regional grouping has made the most progress in economic integration, aiming to create an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015. The AEC would have a combined population of over 566 million and a GDP exceeding US$ 1.173 trillion.

ASEAN Free Trade Area

The foundation of the AEC is the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), a common external preferential tariff scheme to promote the free flow of goods within ASEAN. The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is an agreement by the member nations of ASEAN concerning local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. The AFTA agreement was signed on January 28, 1992 in Singapore. When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. The latecomers have not fully met the AFTA's obligations, but they are officially considered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.

ASEAN Investment Area (AIA)

The AIA will encourage the free flow of investment within ASEAN. The main principles of the AIA are as follows:

  • All industries are to be opened up for investment, with exclusions to be phased out according to schedules
  • National treatment is granted immediately to ASEAN investors with few exclusions
  • Elimination of investment impediments
  • Streamlining of investment process and procedures
  • Enhancing transparency
  • Undertaking investment facilitation measures

Full realization of the AIA with the removal of temporary exclusion lists in manufacturing agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining is scheduled by 2010 for most ASEAN members and by 2015 for the CLMV countries.

ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services

An ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995. Under the agreement, ASEAN members are negotiating intra-regional services liberalization in several sectors, including air transport, business services, construction, financial services, maritime transport, telecommunications and tourism. Although some sectors have liberalized faster, such as air transport, other sectors remain subject to continued negotiation. Efforts to expand the scope of the Framework Agreement also remain subject to continued negotiations.

ASEAN Single Aviation Market

The ASEAN Single Aviation Market (SAM), proposed by the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers, will introduce an open-sky arrangement to the region by 2015. Not only will the ASEAN SAM be expected to fully liberalize air travel between its Member States, it is also expected that SAM will further enhance tourism, trade, investment and services flows between Member States. Beginning January 1, 2009, there will be full liberalization of air freight services in the region, as well as removal of third and fourth freedom restrictions between capital cities of Member States for air passengers services. By January 1, 2011, there will be liberalization of fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities.

Cultural activities

The organization hosts cultural activities in an attempt to further integrate the region. These include sports and educational activities as well as writing awards. Examples of these include the ASEAN University Network and the Singapore-sponsored ASEAN Scholarship.

S.E.A. Write Award

The S.E.A. Write Award is a literary award given to Southeast Asian poets and writers annually since 1979. The award is either given for a specific work or as a recognition of an author's lifetime achievement. Works that are honored vary and have included poetry, short stories, novels, plays, folklore as well as scholarly and religious works. Ceremonies are held in Bangkok and is presided by a member of the Thai royal family.

ASAIHL

ASAIHL or the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning is a non-governmental organization founded in 1956 that strives to strengthen higher learning institutions, espescially in teaching, research, and public service, with the intention of cultivating a sense of regional identity and interdependence.

Heritage Parks

ASEAN Heritage Parks[35] is a list of nature parks launched 1984 and relaunched in 2004. It aims to protect the region's natural treasures. There are now 35 such protected areas, including the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park and the Kinabalu National Park.[36]

List

ASEAN Heritage Sites Site Country Site Country Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park  MyanmarAo Phang-nga Marine National Park  ThailandApo Natural Park PhilippinesBa Be National Park VietnamBukit Barisan Selatan National Park IndonesiaGunung Leuser National Park IndonesiaGunung Mulu National Park MalaysiaHa Long Bay VietnamHoang Lien Sa Pa National Park  VietnamIglit-Baco National Park  PhilippinesIndawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary MyanmarInlé Lake Wildlife Sanctuary MyanmarKaeng Krachan National Park ThailandKerinci Seblat National Park IndonesiaKhakaborazi National Park  MyanmarKhao Yai National Park ThailandKinabalu National Park MalaysiaKomodo National Park IndonesiaKon Ka Kinh National Park  VietnamLampi Marine National Park  MyanmarLorentz National Park IndonesiaMeinmhala Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary  MyanmarMu Ko Surin-Mu Ko SimilanMarine National Park  ThailandNam Ha Protected Area  LaosPhong Nha-Ke Bang National Park VietnamPreah Monivong (Bokor) National Park  CambodiaPuerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park PhilippinesSungei Buloh Wetland Reserve SingaporeTaman Negara National Park MalaysiaTarutao Marine National Park ThailandTasek Merimbun Wildlife Sanctuary  BruneiThung Yai-Huay Kha Khaeng National Park  ThailandTubbataha Reef Marine Park PhilippinesUjung Kulon National Park IndonesiaVirachey National Park  CambodiaKeraton Yogyakarta  Indonesia

Scholarship

The ASEAN Scholarship is a scholarship program offered by Singapore to the 9 other member states for secondary school, junior college, and university education. It covers accommodation, food, medical benefits & accident insurance, school fees, and examination fees.[37].

University Network

The ASEAN University Network (AUN) is a consortium of Southeast Asian universities. It was originally founded in November 1995 by 11 universities within the member states.[38] Currently AUN comprises 21 Participating Universities.[39]

Sports

Southeast Asian Games

The Southeast Asian Games, commonly known as the SEA Games, is a biennial multi-sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council of Asia.

Football Championship

The ASEAN Football Championship is a biennial soccer competition organised by the ASEAN Football Federation, accredited by FIFA and contested by the national teams of Southeast Asia nations. It was inaugurated in 1996 as Tiger Cup, but after Asia Pacific Breweries terminated the sponsorship deal, "Tiger" was renamed "ASEAN".

ParaGames

The ASEAN ParaGames is a biennial multi-sport event held after every Southeast Asian Games for athletes with physical disabilities. The games are participated by the 11 countries located in Southeast Asia. The games, patterned after the Paralympics, includes mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities, and those with cerebral palsy.

Criticism

Western countries have criticized ASEAN for being too "soft" in its approach to promoting human rights and democracy in the junta-led Myanmar.[40] Despite global outrage at the military crack-down on peaceful protesters in Yangon, ASEAN has refused to suspend Myanmar as a member and also rejects proposals for economic sanctions.[41] This has caused concern as the European Union, a potential trade partner, has refused to conduct free trade negotiations at a regional level for these political reasons.[42] International observers view it as a "talk shop",[43] which implies that the organization is "big on words but small on action".[44]

During the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu, several militant groups staged anti-globalization and anti-Arroyo rallies.[45] According to the militants, the agenda of economic integration would negatively affect industries in the Philippines and would cause thousands of Filipinos to lose their jobs.[46] They also viewed the organization as "imperialistic" that threatens the country's sovereignty.[46] A human rights lawyer from New Zealand was also present to protest about the human rights situation in the region in general.[47]

Comparison

Most active regional blocs
(as of 2004, except as noted) Regional bloc1 Area Population GDP ($US) Member
states1 km²sq miin millions (PPP) in millions (nominal) per capita (PPP) per capita (nominal) AU29,797,500 11,504,879 897,548,804 1,515,000 1,131,850 1,896 1,261 53 ASEAN (2007 est.) 4,497,493 1,736,000 566,500,000 3,115,480 1,173,000 5,541 2,041 10 CACM422,614 163,172 37,816,598 159,536 84,792 4,219 2,242 5 CARICOM462,344 178,512 14,565,083 64,219 24,020 4,409 1,649 (14+1)3 CCASG / GCC2,285,844 882,569 35,869,438 536,223 717,800 14,949 20,011 6 CEFTA298,148 115,116 28,929,682 222,041 122,001 7,675 4,217 (7+1)3 EU(2007 est.) 4,324,782 1,669,808 497,000,000 14,953,000 16,574,000 28,213 33,482 27 EurAsEC20,789,100 8,026,720 208,067,618 1,689,137 1,125,528 8,118 5,409 6 EFTA(2007 est.) 529,600 204,480 12,660,623 567,500 743,300 44,828 60,000 4 GAFTA9,421,946 3,637,834 280,727,416 1,341,298 N/A 4,778 N/A (16+1)3 GUAM810,506 312,938 63,764,600 456,173 106,469 7,154 1,670 4 NAFTA(2007 est.) 21,783,850 8,410,792 445,000,000 15,857,000 15,723,000 35,491 35,564 3 PARTA528,151 203,920 7,810,905 23,074 N/A 2,954 N/A (12+2)3 SAARC5,136,740 1,983,306 1,467,255,669 4,074,031 N/A 2,777 N/A 8 Unasur / Unasul17,339,153 6,694,684 370,158,470 2,868,430 N/A 7,749 N/A 12 UN and countries
for reference2 Area Population GDP ($US) Units4 km²sq miin millions (PPP) in millions (nominal) per capita (PPP) per capita (nominal) UN133,178,011 51,420,318 6,411,682,270 55,167,630 48,245,198 8,604 7,524 192 Brazil(2007 est.) 8,514,877 3,287,612 183,888,841 1,804,000 1,067,706 10,073 6,842 27 Canada(2007 est.) 9,984,670 3,855,103 33,000,000 1,274,000 1,406,000 38,200 42,738 13 India(2007 est.) 3,287,590 1,269,346 1,120,000,000 4,726,000 1,089,000 4,182 1,004 35 Japan(2007 est.) 377,873 145,898 127,433,494 4,346,000 4,346,000 33,800 38,341 47 PR China5 (2007 est.) 9,596,960 3,705,407 1,321,851,888 7,043,000 3,420,000 5,300 2,800 33 Russia(2007 est.) 17,075,200 6,592,772 142,500,000 2,076,000 1,286,000 14,600 9,056 83 USA(2007 est.) 9,826,630 3,794,083 302,000,000 13,543,000 13,794,700 43,500 45,594 50 Source: CIA World Factbook 2005, IMFWEO Database, IMF nominal figures for 2006.[citation needed] Legend      smallest value among the blocs compared     largest value among the blocs compared

Footnotes
1 Including data only for full and most active members.
2 Including the largest five countries by area, population (not #4), GDP (PPP) (not #5), and GDP (nominal) (not #3 or #5).
3 Including non-sovereign autonomous areas of other states.
4 Members or administrative divisions.
5 Data for the People's Republic of China does not include Hong Kong, Macau, or the independent Republic of China (Taiwan) (over which PRC claims sovereignty).

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See also

Notes

  1. ^ Overview
  2. ^ Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved March 14, 2007
  3. ^ Overview, ASEAN Secretariat official website. Retrieved June 12, 2006
  4. ^ Bernard Eccleston, Michael Dawson, Deborah J. McNamara (1998). The Asia-Pacific Profile. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0415172799. 
  5. ^ Muthiah Alagappa (1998). Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences. Stanford: Stanford University Press (US). ISBN-10: 0804733473. 
  6. ^ ASEAN secretariat
  7. ^ Background Note:Brunei Darussalam/Profile:/Foreign Relations. United States State Department. Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
  8. ^ East Asia Economic Caucus. ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  9. ^ a b Whither East Asia? Asian Views. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  10. ^ Asia's Reaction to NAFTA Nancy J. Hamilton. CRS - Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  11. ^ Japan Straddles Fence on Issue of East Asia Caucus International Herald tribune. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  12. ^ a b Carolyn L. Gates, Mya Than (2001). ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812300813. 
  13. ^ ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. Extracted October 12, 2006
  14. ^ East Asian leaders to promote biofuel, Philippine Daily Inquirer, March 13, 2007.
  15. ^ ASEAN Statement on Launching of the ASEAN Wildlife Law Enforcement Network (ASEAN-WEN)
  16. ^ "Asean: Changing, but only slowly", BBC, 2003-10-08. 
  17. ^ RP resolution for observer status in UN assembly OK’d, Philippine Daily Inquirer, March 13, 2007.
  18. ^ "Philippines to Represent Asean in Un Meetings in Ny, Geneva", Yahoo! News, 2007-03-07. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. 
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  27. ^ Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment
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