Admiral

For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). Common military ranksNavies1 Armies2 Air Forces3 Admiral of
the Fleet Field Marshal Marshal of
the Air ForceAdmiral General Air Chief Marshal Vice Admiral Lt. General Air Marshal Rear Admiral Major General Air Vice-Marshal Commodore Brigadier Air Commodore Captain Colonel Group Captain Commander Lt. Colonel Wing Commander Lt. Commander Major Squadron Leader Lieutenant Captain Flight Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant Lieutenant Flying Officer Warrant Officer Sergeant Major Warrant Officer Petty Officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading Rate Corporal Corporal Seaman Private Aircraftman1 in the English-speaking world 2 also some Air Forces
3 In many Commonwealthcountries

Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually considered a full admiral (equivalent to full general) and above Vice Admiral and below Admiral of the Fleet/Fleet Admiral. It is usually abbreviated to "Adm." or "ADM". Where relevant, Admiral is a 4 star rank.

1 History
2 Admiral insignia by country
3 See also
4 References

History

The word Admiral in Middle English comes from Anglo-French amiral, "commander", from Medieval Latin admiralis, "emir", admirallus, "admiral", from Arabic amir-al-, "commander of the" (as in amir-al-bahr, "commander of the sea")[1] Crusaders learned the term during their encounters with the Arabs, perhaps as early as the 11th century. The Sicilians and later Genoese took the first two parts of the term and used them as one word, amiral, from their Catalan opponents. The French and Spanish gave their sea commanders similar titles while in Portuguese the word changed to almirante. As the word was used by people speaking Latin or Latin-based languages it gained the "d" and endured a series of different endings and spellings leading to the English spelling "admyrall" in the 14th century and to "admiral" by the 16th century.

Although temporary navies were established for engagement in naval battles beforehand, the Chinese established their first permanent, standing navy in 1132 AD, during the Song Dynasty. China's main headquarters and office for the admiral at that point was established at Dinghai, with the main base near what is now modern Shanghai.

The word Admiral has today come to be almost exclusively associated with the highest naval rank in most of the world's navies, equivalent to the Army rank of (Full) General.

The rank of Admiral has also been subdivided into various grades, several of which are historically extinct while others are used by most present day navies. The Royal Navy used colours (red, white, and blue, in descending order) to indicate the seniority of its admirals until 1864; for example, Horatio Nelson's highest rank was Vice Admiral of the White. The generic term for these naval equivalents of army generals is Flag Officer. Some navies have also used army-type titles for them, such as the Cromwellian General at Sea.

Admiral insignia by country

Australian admiral
Royal Australian Navy

Canadian admiral
Canadian Forces Maritime Command

Chilean Admiral
Chilean Navy

Admiral of People's Republic of China
People's Liberation Army Navy

Danish admiral (Denmark)

French admiral
Marine Nationale

German admiral
Deutsche Marine

Italian admiral
Italian Navy

Mexican admiral
Mexican Navy

Polish admiral
Marynarka Wojenna

Romanian admiral
Forţele Navale Române

Spanish admiral
Armada Española

Ukrainian admiral
Ukrainian Navy

UK admiral
Sleeve lace
Royal Navy

UK admiral
Shoulder board
Royal Navy

US admiral
(US Navy)

References

^ Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary

This article needs additional citationsfor verification.
Please help improve this articleby adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challengedand removed. (January 2008)

Categories: Admirals | Arabic words and phrases | Military ranksHidden category: Articles needing additional references from January 2008